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Questions and Answers
Fasciola hepatica can be found in the bile duct of both domestic animals and humans.
Fasciola hepatica can be found in the bile duct of both domestic animals and humans.
True (A)
What is the primary agent responsible for hepatic distomiasis?
What is the primary agent responsible for hepatic distomiasis?
- Fasciola hepatica (correct)
- Fasciola gigantica (correct)
- Fascioloides magna (correct)
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum (correct)
What is the size of Fasciola hepatica?
What is the size of Fasciola hepatica?
13 mm x 13 mm
Where does the acute phase of fasciolosis primarily cause damage?
Where does the acute phase of fasciolosis primarily cause damage?
The primary intermediate host of flukes is the ______.
The primary intermediate host of flukes is the ______.
Which condition is caused by the migration of immature flukes in chronic fasciolosis?
Which condition is caused by the migration of immature flukes in chronic fasciolosis?
What is the significance of metacercariae in the life cycle of flukes?
What is the significance of metacercariae in the life cycle of flukes?
All age groups of animals are equally susceptible to hepatic distomiasis.
All age groups of animals are equally susceptible to hepatic distomiasis.
The immature flukes can penetrate through the wall of the intestine and migrate through the ______ to reach the bile duct.
The immature flukes can penetrate through the wall of the intestine and migrate through the ______ to reach the bile duct.
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Study Notes
Parasitic Diseases Overview
- Helminths are categorized into three main groups: Nematodes, Trematodes, and Cestodes.
Trematodes
- Trematodes, or flukes, can cause significant parasitic infestations in various domestic animals, leading to acute or chronic hepatic insufficiency.
Hepatic Distomiasis (Fluke Disease)
- Primarily caused by species of flukes such as:
- Fasciola hepatica: Present in sheep, goat, cattle, and other animals; leaf-shaped, measures 13 mm x 13 mm.
- Fasciola gigantica: Larger than F. hepatica, with narrow shoulders, measures 25-75 mm x 12 mm.
- Fascioloides magna: Found in cattle and deer; size ranges from 23-100 mm x 11-26 mm.
- Dicrocoelium dendriticum: Affects bile ducts in multiple animal species.
Epidemiology
- Disease occurrence is widespread, especially in areas with abundant irrigation, where intermediate hosts (snails) thrive.
- Higher prevalence in young animals leads to more severe disease forms compared to adults.
- Economic losses include mortality and decreased productivity, potentially ranging from 8-20% in milk production.
Transmission
- Infection occurs through ingestion of metacercariae present on vegetation or water.
- Congenital transmission may also occur.
Life Cycle
- Adult flukes reside in bile ducts, laying eggs excreted in feces.
- Eggs hatch into miracidia, which penetrate snails (intermediate host) and develop into cercariae.
- Cercariae form metacercariae and attach to aquatic plants; ingestion by animals leads to the release of immature flukes in the intestine.
- They may migrate to the bile duct through:
- Direct penetration through the intestinal wall.
- Entry via the portal vein.
Pathogenesis
- Acute Fasciolosis: Immature flukes cause severe liver damage and hemorrhages, potentially leading to sudden death.
- Chronic Fasciolosis: Causes cirrhosis of the liver as hepatic cells are replaced by fibrous tissue; bile ducts may thicken and calcify due to continuous irritation from flukes.
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