Parallel Processing Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of parallel processing?

To achieve faster computational speed and increase throughput

What are the levels of parallel processing? (Select all that apply)

  • Instruction level (correct)
  • Program level (correct)
  • Task level (correct)
  • Inter-Instruction level (correct)
  • SISD computers have parallel processing capabilities.

    True

    What does SIMD stand for?

    <p>Single Instruction, Multiple Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pipelining is a technique of decomposing a sequential process into sub-_______ operations.

    <p>sub-operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pipeline stages with their respective operations:

    <p>Stage 1 (Instruction Fetch) = Read instructions from memory Stage 2 (Instruction Decode) = Decode instruction and access register file Stage 3 (Instruction Execute) = Perform ALU operations Stage 4 (Memory Access) = Read/write memory operands Stage 5 (Write Back) = Write computed/fetched value back to register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in a CPU?

    <p>Arithmetic calculations, Logical computations, and Shifts/Rotates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of having many general-purpose registers in a CPU?

    <p>Faster transfer between registers within the processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Control Unit in a CPU?

    <p>Manages the flow of data and instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Bus in a CPU?

    <p>Transfers data between components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Accumulator (AC) in a Basic Computer?

    <p>The only general-purpose register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of a CPU?

    <p>Storage, Execution, and Control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of keeping data in registers?

    <p>Faster data processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a Basic Computer and a modern CPU?

    <p>Number of registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the control unit in a CPU?

    <p>Direct the information flow through ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the MUX A selector (SELA) in the CPU?

    <p>Select the bus for the input operand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the encoding of the register selection field for R5?

    <p>101</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the operation performed by the ALU when the OPR code is 00001?

    <p>Increment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control word for the microoperation R1 ← R2 + R3?

    <p>010 011 001 00101</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the decoder in the CPU?

    <p>Select the destination register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the encoding of the ALU operation for subtraction?

    <p>00101</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control word for the microoperation Output ← R2?

    <p>010 000 000 00000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the SELB selector in the CPU?

    <p>Select the bus for the second input operand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the clock signal in the CPU?

    <p>Synchronize the operations of the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parallel Processing

    • Execution of concurrent events in the computing process to achieve faster computational speed
    • Purpose is to increase throughput, i.e., the amount of processing that can be accomplished in a given interval of time
    • Levels of parallel processing:
      • Bit-level
      • Instruction-level
      • Procedure-level
      • Program-level
    • Examples: shift register, register with parallel load, multiplicity of functional units performing identical or different operations

    Flynn's Classification of Parallel Computers

    • Based on the multiplicity of instruction streams and data streams
    • Instruction stream: sequence of instructions read from memory
    • Data stream: operations performed on data in the processor
    • Classification:
      • SISD (Single Instruction Stream, Single Data Stream)
      • SIMD (Single Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Streams)
      • MISD (Multiple Instruction Streams, Single Data Stream)
      • MIMD (Multiple Instruction Streams, Multiple Data Streams)

    SISD

    • Single computer containing control unit, processor, and memory unit
    • Instructions and data stored in memory, executed sequentially
    • May or may not have parallel processing
    • Parallel processing can be achieved by pipelining

    SIMD

    • Only one copy of the program exists
    • A single controller executes one instruction at a time
    • Data bus, control unit, and multiple processor units
    • Alignment network and multiple memory modules

    MISD

    • No computer classified as MISD currently exists

    MIMD

    • Multiple processing units
    • Execution of multiple instructions on multiple data
    • Types:
      • Shared memory multiprocessors
      • Message-passing multi-computers

    Pipelining

    • Technique to decompose a sequential process into sub-operations
    • Each sub-process is executed in a dedicated segment, operating concurrently
    • Result of each segment is transferred to the next segment
    • Final result obtained after data passes through all segments

    Design of a Basic Pipeline

    • In a pipelined processor, a pipeline has two ends: input and output
    • Multiple stages/segments between ends, with output of one stage connected to input of next stage
    • Interface registers (latch or buffer) hold intermediate output between stages
    • All stages controlled by a common clock
    • Example of a 5-stage RISC pipeline:
      • Stage 1: Instruction Fetch
      • Stage 2: Instruction Decode
      • Stage 3: Instruction Execute
      • Stage 4: Memory Access
      • Stage 5: Write Back

    Overview of Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • Introduction to CPU architecture
    • Components: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data Transfer and Manipulation, Program Control and Program Interrupt, and Reduced Instruction Set Computer

    Major Components of CPU

    • Storage Components: Registers, Flags
    • Execution (Processing) Components: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
      • Performs arithmetic calculations, logical computations, and shifts/rotates
    • Transfer Components: Bus
    • Control Components: Control Unit

    Registers

    • In basic computers, there is only one general-purpose register, the Accumulator (AC)
    • In modern CPUs, there are many general-purpose registers
    • Advantages of having many registers include:
      • Fast transfer between registers within the processor
      • Slower access to memory

    General Register Organization

    • Registers: R1-R7
    • Clock and Input components
    • Load component connected to MUX (SELA and SELB)
    • Decoder and ALU components

    Operation of Control Unit

    • Directs information flow through ALU by selecting components and functions
    • Example: R1 <- R2 + R3
      • MUX A selector (SELA): BUS A <- R2
      • MUX B selector (SELB): BUS B <- R3
      • ALU operation selector (OPR): ALU to ADD
      • Decoder destination selector (SELD): R1 <- Out Bus

    Control Word Encoding

    • 3 bits for SELA, SELB, and SELD
    • 5 bits for OPR
    • Encoding of register selection fields and ALU operations

    ALU Control

    • Encoding of ALU operations (OPR)
      • Transfer A (TSFA), Increment A (INCA), ADD A + B (ADD), Subtract A - B (SUB), Decrement A (DECA), AND A and B (AND), OR A and B (OR), XOR A and B (XOR), Complement A (COMA), Shift Right A (SHRA), and Shift Left A (SHLA)
    • Examples of ALU microoperations:
      • R1 <- R2 - R3
      • R4 <- R4 OR R5
      • R6 <- R6 + 1
      • R7 <- R1
      • Output <- R2
      • Output <- Input
      • R4 <- shl R4

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of parallel processing, including pipelining, multiprocessors, interconnection structures, and interprocessor communication and synchronization.

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