Paradigms of Western Knowledge Evolution

• Historicidad is the construction of humans, a non-linear time, and an unresolved being; thought and corporality from ancient paradigms influence current paradigms
• A Paradigm is an accumulation of knowledge determined in a geographic and historical space.
• Horizon is defined as the point from where one is positioned.

Paradigms of the Evolution of Western Knowledge

• Nomadism is movement in contrast to sedentary life

• Communities lacked a monogamous affective model

• The first industrial revolution was Neolithic, transforming materials into work tools that intervene with the earth

• Transformation created agriculture

• Agriculture changes the relationship with the earth and its surroundings

• Perception in the world transforms

• Private property began to establish itself in human socialization

• The family emerged as a monogamous affective model

• The idea of descent and lineage arose, prioritizing the ego

Greek Paradigm

• The first agricultural civilizations emerged
• The concept of democracy was created in the polis
• Citizenship implied the exclusion of others, creating a caste system
• There was polytheism with imperfect gods
• Cyclic time was non-linear
• Chaos was constant
• Advancements were made in sciences and arts
• An economic system of slavery existed
• The Roman Empire was based on ideals of conquest and oppression
• Pater familias was the head of the family.

Medieval Christian Paradigm

• Christianity emerged as a philosophy of the oppressed (slaves)

• It was institutionalized and made official in the Roman Empire with dogmas to control sin, guilt, and the discipline of the body

• A feudal economic system existed

• Theocentrism was present as God was the center of existence

• Linear time fixed the future of eternal life

• The Catholic Church imposed dogmas and had law-making functions

• Universities were created, considering that there already was official knowledge; other knowledge was discredited, and only the nobility had access

• Indulgences profited from sins and were a kind of tax

• Witches shared knowledge in common spaces

• The Santa Inquisition controlled witches and rebels, suppressing knowledge

• The common space became neither public nor private

• There was an enclosure of common knowledge

Modernity

• The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of the bourgeoisie
• The Bourgeoisie was a new economic class, with economic flow
• The Nation State existed
• Collective identity, territory, population, and government defined the Nation State
• Europe colonized the rest of the world
• Ideological domination included binary biases of colonization, such as sexism, racism, and ethnocentrism
• Coloniality was present
• Anthropocentrism placed man at the center (the white European bourgeois man)
• A capitalist economic system existed
• Law was also anthropocentric
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was created
• There were bourgeois/proletariat classes
• Systems of colonial exploitation (capital and patriarchal) emerged
• Time was linear and progressive

Postmodernity

• There was a crisis of modern ideals
  • Climatic
  • Economic
• There was a need to resolve the problems of modernity with more modernity through regulations.
• Emancipation was generating other proposals or alternatives to those of modernity
• Resignation was accepting the crisis and decadence

Epistemology

• What can we know?
• Who can know?
• How can we know?, Through methodology