Paper Production and History Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary raw material used in the production of paper today?

  • Wood pulp (correct)
  • Hemp
  • Bamboo
  • Cotton

Who is credited with the invention of paper in 105 AD?

  • The ancient Egyptians
  • Mahatma Gandhi
  • Ts'ai Lun (correct)
  • Confucius

Which type of trees provides the majority of wood pulp used in paper production?

  • Fruit trees
  • Deciduous trees
  • Coniferous trees (correct)
  • Citrus trees

What was the original writing material used by the ancient Egyptians?

<p>Papyrus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For how long was the fabrication of paper monopolized by the Chinese Empire?

<p>500 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the beating and refining stage in the paper making process?

<p>To improve the bonding potential and physical properties of the finished sheet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the paper making process, what proportion of the slurry consists of fibers?

<p>1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does beating have on the fibers during the paper making process?

<p>It increases the surface area and enhances water absorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of the improved inter-fiber bonding due to beating?

<p>Increased flexibility of the fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does dilution with water play in the paper making process?

<p>It creates a slurry that facilitates fiber manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of the pulping process?

<p>To produce well-cooked pulp free from non-cellulosic portions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bleaching process in pulp production?

<p>To remove lignin that discolors the final paper (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the bleaching process on pulp?

<p>Reduces the strength of the pulp while increasing brightness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agents are used in the bleaching of mechanical pulps?

<p>Chlorine dioxide and ozone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to the brown color of pulp?

<p>Chromophoric groups on lignin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true of chemical pulp processing?

<p>It focuses on removing remaining lignin for whiteness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does the bleaching process requiring three hours typically occur?

<p>40°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What compromises must be considered during the bleaching process?

<p>Maintaining strength while reducing lignin and achieving brightness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of sizing agents in paper making?

<p>To enhance fiber bonding and physical properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for reorienting surface fibers in paper?

<p>Calendering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do barrier coatings have in packaging?

<p>They prevent gases and water vapor from penetrating (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of pigments in paper making?

<p>To form a barrier against moisture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of emulsions are ideally suited for food packaging adhesion?

<p>Acrylic-based emulsions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of calendering in the paper making process?

<p>To achieve a smooth surface and glossy finish (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What roles do adhesives play in the paper making process?

<p>To bind pigment particles and enhance surface properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sizing agents impact the paper's resistance to which of the following?

<p>Water and moisture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does adding TiO2 have on paper?

<p>Improves opacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum thickness of paperboard products?

<p>0.2 mm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT suitable for food contact purposes?

<p>Post-consumer waste papers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of coating provides a moisture barrier in paperboard products?

<p>Wax lamination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corrugated layer in paperboard packaging?

<p>Protect food from surroundings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carton structure is commonly used for aseptic packaging?

<p>Brick-shaped cartons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of process is used to produce egg cartons from an aqueous slurry?

<p>Suction molding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of dual-ovenable containers?

<p>Compatible with both microwave and convection ovens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of kraft paper?

<p>It can be wet-strengthened or made water-repellant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of paper is specifically treated to give oil and grease resistance?

<p>Greaseproof paper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of waxed paper?

<p>To serve as a good barrier against moisture and heat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property makes vegetable parchment suitable for wet and greasy foods?

<p>High wet strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which paper type is noted for its glassy and transparent surface?

<p>Glassine paper (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the adhesion and performance of wet waxed paper enhanced?

<p>By adding special resins or plastic polymers to the wax. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of greaseproof paper?

<p>It may allow oils and fats to penetrate over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does not apply to waxed paper?

<p>It provides a poor barrier against moisture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Paper

A material made primarily from wood pulp, used for writing, printing, and packaging.

Paper Production

A process involving breaking down wood fibers into pulp, which is then pressed and dried to form sheets of paper.

Wood Source for Paper

The use of coniferous trees like spruce, fir, and pine, as well as oak, for paper production.

Non-Wood Sources for Paper

The use of cotton, bamboo, and kenaf, among others, as alternative sources of fibers for paper production.

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Paperboard

A material made by pressing multiple layers of paper together, often used for packaging due to its strength and durability.

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Bleaching Process

The process of removing lignin from wood pulp to achieve a brighter, whiter paper.

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Chromophoric Groups

The chemical components in lignin responsible for pulp's brown color.

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Chemical Modification Bleaching

Type of pulp bleaching that modifies lignin without removing it, aiming for a brighter pulp while maintaining strength.

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Complete Delignification

Type of pulp bleaching where lignin is completely removed to achieve a pure white color.

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Sodium Peroxide

A bleaching agent used in chemical modification bleaching, often used with peroxide.

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Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)

A bleaching agent frequently used in complete delignification , creating a brighter white pulp.

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Bleaching reduces pulp strength

The strength of the paper is negatively affected by the bleaching process.

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Compromise between brightness and strength

The ideal bleaching process balances paper brightness with its strength.

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What is paper making?

A process that converts raw materials (typically wood pulp or recycled fibers) into paper.

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What is the purpose of beating and refining?

It involves mechanically treating fibers to improve their bonding potential, flexibility, and strength.

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What does beating do to fibers?

It increases the surface area of fibers, allowing them to absorb more water and bond with neighboring fibers.

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What is the effect of beating on tensile strength?

Beating increases the inter-fiber bonding, resulting in increased tensile strength.

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What does beating do to the flexibility of fibers?

Beating makes fibers more flexible, allowing them to easily deform and form a sheet on the paper machine.

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Paper Converting

A process that modifies the surface of paper to suit specific uses, including adding adhesives, coatings, pigments, and functional products.

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Calendaring

A stage in paper converting that uses pressure to realign fibers on the surface. This smooths the surface, controls texture, and creates a glossy finish.

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Sizing

A process that improves the appearance and properties of paper by adding agents that penetrate the fibers, strengthening the paper and making it more resistant to wear.

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Sizing Agents

A surface treatment that involves adding various substances like starches, CMC, PVC, and polyurethane to improve the paper's overall strength, resistance to oil and grease, and water penetration.

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Adhesives in Paper Converting

Substances used to bind pigment particles to the paper surface during converting. These adhesives affect the paper's finish, determining its strength, gloss, brightness, opacity, and ink receptivity.

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Barrier Coatings

Coatings applied to paper to create barriers against water vapor and gases, often needed for packaging applications. They are used to prevent moisture and gases from affecting the product being packaged.

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Pigments in Paper Converting

Pigments used in paper converting can mask or change the appearance of the base paper, improve its opacity, and provide a smooth surface for printing.

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Acrylic Emulsions in Food Packaging

Acrylic-based emulsions are particularly suitable for food packaging due to their ability to form strong barriers and adhere well to food-contact surfaces.

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Folding Cartons

Paperboard used as a base material for boxes that can be folded into desired shapes. The surface layer is strong and flexible to withstand compression.

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Cartons

A type of carton made from layers of paperboard coated with LDPE, making it impermeable to liquids and heat-sealable. Common examples include gabletop cartons and brick-shaped cartons.

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Aseptic Packaging Cartons

Aseptic packaging using brick-shaped cartons, hermetically sealed and commercially sterile for 6-9 months. Often used for milk, juices, soups, and wines.

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Retortable Square-Shaped Cartons

Square-shaped paperboard cartons, similar to aseptic cartons but coated with PP, offering a longer shelf-life at ambient temperatures (18 months). Used for soups, ready meals, vegetables, and pet food.

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Moulded Pulp Packaging

A 3D packaging method where a slurry of cellulosic fibers is molded into specific shapes. Examples include bottles and egg cartons.

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Pressure Injection Molding

A pressure injection molding process where the slurry is forced into a mold, creating a bottle shape.

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Suction Molding

A suction molding process where a vacuum pulls the pulp into a mold, forming shapes like egg cartons or food trays.

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Kraft paper

A type of paper known for its coarse texture and high strength. It can be bleached, natural, or colored. It resists tearing and is often used for bags, multi-wall sacks, and liners for corrugated board.

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Greaseproof paper

A translucent paper specifically designed to resist oils and grease thanks to a special treatment process called hydration.

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Vegetable parchment

A non-toxic paper with high wet strength and grease resistance. It is often used as an interleaver between slices of food like meat or pastry due to its clean and easy release properties.

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Waxed paper

This type of paper serves as a barrier against moisture, liquids, and vapor, and it can be heat-sealed. It's created by waxing a base paper, often greaseproof or glassine.

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Glassine paper

A paper recognized for its smooth, glossy surface, high density, and transparency. It's produced by further treating greaseproof paper.

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Hydration

This process involves treating greaseproof paper to make it resistant to oil and grease. It involves breaking down cellulose fibers and filling the spaces in the paper with water, creating a gel-like surface.

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Wax modification

Adding special resins or plastic polymers to wax improves its adhesion, low-temperature performance, and resistance to cracking.

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Wax lamination

This method involves applying a continuous layer of wax to the base paper, creating a strong adhesive bond, which is used for lamination.

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Study Notes

Paper and Paperboard Packaging Materials

  • Paper is a substance made from thin sheets, often from rags, straw, bark, wood or other fibrous materials
  • Paperboard is thicker than paper (>0.25mm)
  • Paper was first produced in Egypt around 900 AD.
  • Ts'ai Lun, in China, invented paper using mulberry bark, hemp, and rags in 105 AD.
  • The Chinese Empire monopolised paper production for over 500 years.
  • Currently, 97% of paper and board globally are made from wood pulp.
  • 85% of the wood pulp comes from spruces, firs, pine (coniferous trees), and oak trees.
  • Other plants used in paper making include cotton, bamboo, and kenaf.

Manufacturing of Paper

  • Pulp process: pulping; digestion, bleaching; and converting.
  • Paper making process: beating and refining; papermaking (pulp in water slurry); converting (additional treatment)

Pulp Process

  • Pulping methods include mechanical, chemical, and semi-chemical.
  • Mechanical pulping: uses grindstones to physically separate fibres to produce pulp, with intact lignin, suitable for lower quality products like newsprint, tissues, and paperboard for folding. Has high yield, low cost but low mechanical strength.
  • Thermomechanical Pulping: Pre-steam wood chips between 110 and 150°C becomes malleable.
  • Chemical pulping: uses chemicals to remove lignin (like NaOH and sodium sulfide), yielding higher quality pulp suitable for paper stronger suited for food, packaging.
  • Semi-chemical pulping: mix of mechanical and chemical methods.

Digestion Process

  • Treating wood in chip form in a pressurized vessel under controlled conditions (time, liquor concentration, pressure, temperature).
  • Objectives: Produce well-cooked pulp, free from non-cellulosic portions of the wood (lignin and hemicellulose) to achieve maximum yield of raw material (wood pulp).

Bleaching Process

  • Aims to remove lignin for discolouration of final paper.
  • Bleaching agents vary in use with various processes for varying strengths of the final pulp.
  • Some agents are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium peroxide (alkaline solution).

Paper Making Process

  • Beating and Refining: mechanically treats fibres to improve their bonding potential, flexibility and strength.
  • Papermaking: creates a slurry by diluting the pulp with water.
  • Converting: further treatment.

Paper Making Techniques

  • Fourdrinier machine: used to produce all grades of paper and paperboard.
  • Cylinder Machine: used to produce heavy multi-ply boards.
  • Twin-Wire Formers: designed to produce sheets fast.
  • Presses and Dryers: sheets (75% to 90% moisture) pass through presses and dryers to further remove water.

Converting

  • Further surface treatment involves applying adhesives, functional products (e.g. pigments), barrier coatings, e.t.c. This depends on the final use of the paper.

Calendering

  • Reorients fibres in the base sheet using pressure, creating a smooth surface, control surface texture, and a glossy finish.

Sizing and Coating

  • Added agents increase fiber bonding, improve strength, help with water resistance, and prevent excess water penetration and improve paper strength.

Adhesives

  • Binds pigment particles to the raw stock.
  • Various types include starches, casein, soy proteins, and rubber latex.
  • Acrylic-based emulsions are useful for food packaging.

Barrier Coatings

  • Many packaging applications require a barrier preventing water vapor and gases.
  • Creating a water barrier is done by changing paper surface wettability with sizing agents.
  • Examples: paraffin wax and polyethylene.

Pigments

  • Mask or change the appearance of the base stock.
  • Improve opacity and impart a smooth surface for printing.
  • Examples include kaolin clay, calcium carbonate, and a combination of PS-based plastic pigments and mineral pigments.

Types of Paper, Properties, and Uses

  • Kraft paper: coarse, heavy duty, bleached, natural, or coloured. Used for bags, multiwall and corrugated box liners.
  • Greaseproof paper: translucent, hydrated to resist oil and grease. Used for butter, baked goods and high fat food packaging.
  • Vegetable parchment: Non-toxic, high wet strength, free of lint, suitable for wet and greasy food. Uses include interleaver, labels, inserts
  • Waxed paper: moisture barrier and heat-sealable. Made from waxing base paper (like greaseproof or glassine).
  • Glassine paper: smooth, glossy, high density, and transparent.
  • Paperboard Products: Generally >224 g/m2, thickness between 0.2–1.0mm, and weight/surface area that ranges from 120-700 g/m2.
  • Folding carton: sheets of paperboard. Coating and laminating can create barrier properties as needed.
  • Beverages carton: Layers of bleached and unbleached paperboard with an LDPE coating.
  • Molded pulp carton: 3D packaging, formed from aqueous slurry of fibres onto screened moulds.
  • Corrugated cardboard: layers to protect from impact.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Paper Packaging

  • Advantages: superior printability, easy processing, appropriate stiffness, lightweight, cheap, mechanical strength, and biodegradable.
  • Disadvantages: naturally poor properties (porous, opaque, low moisture/gas/oil resistance), doesn't prevent flavour loss from food, and cannot be heat sealed.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the production of paper, its historical origins, and the processes involved in its creation. This quiz covers everything from the raw materials used to the techniques of refining and bleaching pulp. Dive into the fascinating world of paper making!

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