Pandemic and Epidemic Definitions
51 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

A ______ occurs when an epidemic happens worldwide, crossing international boundaries.

pandemic

The term ______ refers to a widespread disease affecting a community at a particular time.

epidemic

Pandemics often exhibit characteristics such as high ______ rates and explosiveness.

attack

Zoonotic diseases originate when infections jump from animals to ______.

<p>humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sociologists study how a ______ affects society and how such events are classified.

<p>pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pandemics used to often occur due to open ______ and other environmental exposures.

<p>sewage</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ started in 1948 to help coordinate international health issues.

<p>WHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pandemics can cause an acceleration of ______ change.

<p>social</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the Black Death in Europe, ______ were blamed for the spread of the plague.

<p>Jews</p> Signup and view all the answers

COVID-19 was dubbed as the ______ virus as part of controversial rhetoric.

<p>Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pandemics do not affect everyone ______.

<p>equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

Groups that are already experiencing worse health and wellbeing are more likely to be affected by a ______.

<p>pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Improved ______ and robust healthcare systems are vital for pandemic preparedness.

<p>infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Public ______ plays a vital role in pandemic preparedness.

<p>education</p> Signup and view all the answers

By learning from past experiences, we can face future pandemics with greater ______ and unity.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

A permanent move to a new location is called ______.

<p>migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

When people move to a new country, it is known as ______.

<p>immigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

If emigration is higher than immigration, it results in net ______.

<p>out-migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors that pull a population to another area include religious freedom and ______.

<p>jobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The initial settlement of colonies in the US was from Europe and ______.

<p>Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

Undocumented immigrants are individuals who enter the US without proper ______.

<p>documents</p> Signup and view all the answers

Between 1880 and 1920, many immigrants in the US came from Southern and Eastern ______.

<p>Europe</p> Signup and view all the answers

To enter the US, immigrants needed to be healthy and show they had ______ or a skill.

<p>money</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immigrants took physical examination and were held at ______ before they were released to the US mainland.

<p>Ellis Island</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossed the Pacific Ocean, arriving in ______.

<p>San Francisco Bay</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike Ellis Island, Angel Island was not as ______ as an entry point for immigrants.

<p>welcoming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most new immigrants stayed in cities, close to industrial jobs in ______.

<p>factories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Several families often lived in one ______ in urban areas due to the affordable housing crisis.

<p>apartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low-cost multifamily housing designed to squeeze in many families were known as ______.

<p>tenements</p> Signup and view all the answers

By 1900, cities developed sewer lines and created sanitation ______ to address health issues.

<p>departments</p> Signup and view all the answers

Migration involves several stages, including pre-entry, transitional, and ______ phases.

<p>post-entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychological health of immigrants may be impacted by job insecurity and ______ problems.

<p>legal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Communicable diseases can pose risks to immigrants due to varying vaccination rates and health ______.

<p>education</p> Signup and view all the answers

Race is a concept loaded with many historical ______, myths and misunderstandings.

<p>connotations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Everyone belongs to an ______ group.

<p>ethnic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to white women, black women are less likely to get breast cancer but are more likely to be diagnosed at an ______ stage.

<p>advanced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blacks have lower current and lifetime rates of major ______ than whites.

<p>depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Black people are less likely to be prescribed ______ pain medication than white people.

<p>narcotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hispanics account for a large and growing share of the population in the _____.

<p>US</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many nurse believe that black people have a heightened pain ______.

<p>threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blacks are more likely than their white counterparts to be ______ or persistently depressed.

<p>chronically</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hispanics face a range of health ______.

<p>challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

The leading causes of death for Asian Americans are cancer and heart ______.

<p>disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contributing factors to health disparities include socioeconomic status and language ______.

<p>barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic stress plays an important role in influencing the health of ethnic ______ groups.

<p>minority</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Weathering hypothesis indicates that health disparities reflect accumulation of social, economic, and political ______.

<p>marginalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

People of color have experienced racial health disparities that were exacerbated by the ______ pandemic.

<p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asian American women have the lowest cancer ______ rates.

<p>screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forced ______ has been a historical issue affecting marginalized communities in the US.

<p>sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the unethical treatment of 600 black ______.

<p>men</p> Signup and view all the answers

Racially or ethnically targeted events can lead to adverse physical and mental health ______.

<p>outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pandemic

A widespread disease affecting a large number of people across a large geographic area, often internationally.

Epidemic

A widespread disease affecting a significant portion of a population within a community or region at a specific time.

Pandemic Characteristics

Key features of a pandemic include wide geographic spread, rapid transmission, low pre-existing immunity, and novelty (a new disease).

Zoonosis

An infection that spreads from animals to humans.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Origin

Pandemics often arise from interactions between human activities and natural processes, particularly the spread of zoonotic diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Cause (Modern)

New viral diseases where people lack immunity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

WHO's Role

Coordinates international health issues and responds to emergencies.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Impact

Significant effects on societies, accelerating change and worsening inequalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Black Death Impact

Led to the collapse of feudalism, rise of money, and Renaissance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Smallpox & Colonization

Weakened Aztec Empire, aiding European colonization.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Stigma

Blaming specific groups for outbreaks, like Jews during Black Death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Epidemics (3)

Fear, stigmatization, and explanations influencing responses to pandemics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Inequality

Unequal impact on vulnerable groups due to existing health and societal inequalities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pandemic Mitigation

Reducing severity of pandemics with improved infrastructures, healthcare, and research.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Public Education & Trust

Crucial for effective responses to pandemics by promoting education and building trust in communities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Push Factors

Reasons that cause people to leave a place.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to a new place.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immigration

Moving to a new country to live permanently.

Signup and view all the flashcards

International Migration

Moving permanently from one country to another.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Voluntary Migration

Moving of one's own free will.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forced Migration

Moving due to external pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ellis Island

Processing center for European immigrants in the US.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ellis Island

A processing center in New York for European immigrants, where they were examined and held before entering the US.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Angel Island

An immigrant processing center in San Francisco Bay, mainly used for Asian immigrants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chinese Exclusion Act

A US law that restricted the immigration of Chinese people.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tenements

Low-cost, multi-family housing that provided cramped living conditions for many immigrants.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urbanization

The process of cities growing rapidly, attracting many immigrants due to job opportunities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Melting Pot Theory

The idea that different cultures blend together to form a new, unified culture in the US.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immigrant Health Challenges

Migrants face various health concerns upon arrival, including communicable diseases and effects of job insecurity/discrimination.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Assimilation

The process where immigrants adapt to and adopt the culture of the host country.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ghettos

Ethnic neighborhoods where immigrants from a specific country tend to live.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Urban Problems

Cities often faced issues like fire hazards, crime, poor sanitation, and inadequate water supply when their populations rapidly grew.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Race

A socially constructed group distinguished by perceived characteristics, often with historically imposed notions of superiority or inferiority.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethnicity

A group's shared cultural practices and heritage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

African American Mortality

Higher rates of cardiovascular disease, stroke, kidney disease, cancer, and other illnesses compared to other racial groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-Hispanic White Mortality

Higher rates of COPD, respiratory diseases, Alzheimer's, accidental poisoning, and suicide compared to other racial groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Breast Cancer & Race

Black women face higher likelihood of getting breast cancer at a younger age, being diagnosed late, having aggressive forms, and dying from it compared to white women.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Race & Major Depression

Black individuals have lower rates of major depression compared to whites, yet experience more severe symptoms, chronic depression, and reduced treatment access when depressed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Race & Pain Management

Black individuals are less likely to receive opiate pain medication compared to whites, and belief system of nurses influencing pain threshold.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Latinx (Hispanic) Population

A large and growing segment of the US population more likely to be poor compared to other race groups (worker within family).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hispanic Health Disparities

Hispanics experience higher rates of heart disease, cancer, unintentional injuries, and stroke compared to other groups.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Native American Health Disparities

Native Americans face similar health challenges as Hispanics, including high rates of heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries, along with chronic liver disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Asian American Health Disparities

Cancer (prostate/breast) and heart disease are leading causes of death in Asian Americans. Women have lower cancer screening rates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Racism & Health

Racism has a strong link to poor mental health, impacting minority groups despite impacting physical health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Historical Health Disparities

Health disparities have existed long before the pandemic and have been fueled by unethical medical experiments and racial bias in care.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Weathering Hypothesis

The concept of 'weathering' describes health disparities that increase with age due to cumulative effects of social and economic marginalisation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Forced Sterilization

Marginalized groups, including people with disabilities, have been subjected to forced sterilization in the United States.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A U.S. government study in which African American men with syphilis were not given treatment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

1793 Philadelphia Yellow Fever Epidemic

A disastrous yellow fever outbreak, believed by some doctors to show a bias against the African-American community.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Health Disparities Contributing Factors

Access to care, poverty, structural racism, underrepresentation in healthcare, fear of deportation, language barriers, perceptions of health contribute to disparities across different ethnicities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Pandemic Definitions

  • Pandemic: A widespread disease occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and affecting a significant portion of the population.
  • Epidemic: A widespread disease within a community, affecting a substantial portion of the population at a particular time.
  • Diarrhea Outbreak: An example of an epidemic, often from contaminated water sources.

Pandemic Characteristics

  • Wide Geographic Extension: The disease's presence in multiple countries and regions.
  • Disease Movement: The pandemic's spread from person to person and nation to nation can be tracked.
  • High Attack Rates and Explosiveness: Rapid spread with numerous cases appearing quickly.
  • Minimal Population Immunity: Lack of pre-existing immunity in the population.
  • Novelty: The disease is new or a novel variant.
  • Infectiousness and Contagiousness: The ability for the disease to infect and transmit to others.
  • Severity: The disease causes serious illnesses or death in some instances.

Pandemic Origins and Causes

  • Environmental Factors: Pandemics historically associated with poor sanitation and exposure to contaminated environments.
  • Viral Diseases: Recent pandemics are often linked to new viral diseases where the population has no immunity.
  • Zoonotic Origins: Diseases often jump from animals to humans (zoonosis).

The Role of the WHO

  • Established in 1948: To coordinate international health issues and respond to emergencies.

Pandemics and Societal Impact

  • Social Change: Pandemics can accelerate societal shifts.
  • Exacerbated Inequalities: Existing social inequalities can be worsened.
  • Interaction with Social Trends: Pandemics interact with pre-existing social dynamics.

Historical Examples of Pandemics

  • Black Death: Led to the collapse of feudalism, emergence of the Renaissance.
  • Smallpox: Contributes to European colonization of the Americas.
  • COVID-19: Used by some as an external threat, with associated stigmatization of certain groups.

Media and Government Actions

  • Media Influence: Media plays a crucial role in both informing and misinforming about pandemics. Governments may conceal outbreaks for economic reasons.

Stigmatization and Pandemics

  • Blame and Stigma: Specific groups can be blamed for spreading a disease, as seen with the Black Death and AIDS. This has strong and lasting impacts.

Epidemic Psychology

  • Three Parallel Epidemics: Fear, stigmatization and explanation of the pandemic.

Pandemics and Inequalities

  • Unequal Impact: Pandemics can affect certain groups more strongly based on pre-existing health inequalities.
  • Exposure and Conditions: Factors like work environments or living conditions can increase exposure to infectious agents.
  • Weakened Immune Systems: Pre-existing health inequalities lead to weaker immune systems.

Strategies to Deal with Pandemics

  • Mitigation, Elimination, or Reduction: Past pandemics suggest that some pandemics can be mitigated, but some might persist.
  • Preparedness: Need for strong infrastructure, healthcare systems, research, international collaboration, public education, community trust and responses.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your understanding of key terms related to pandemics and epidemics. This quiz covers important characteristics and examples, including what distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic. Challenge yourself with questions that explore the impact and spreading nature of infectious diseases.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser