Pancreas Function Quiz

The sphincter of Oddi closes, the gallbladder relaxes, and bile concentrates in the gallbladder. This process is driven by the active transport of ions out of the bile, causing water to follow by osmosis.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released in response to fats and peptides in the duodenum. CCK triggers gallbladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi opening, releasing concentrated bile into the small intestine.

The liver produces bile continuously, but its release into the small intestine is regulated by the presence of food, particularly fats and peptides. When fat digestion is complete, CCK release stops, and bile is stored in the gallbladder again.

Ruminants have a poorly developed concentrating mechanism and a short retention time in the gallbladder. Horses lack a gallbladder altogether, relying on continuous bile flow.

The role of bile salts is to break down fats into smaller droplets, increasing their surface area for digestion by enzymes. They are also involved in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

The process of food entering the mouth, chewing, and swallowing.

The phase of digestion that starts when food enters the stomach and involves churning and peristalsis. This phase also involves increased enzyme production.

Phase of digestion that starts when chyme enters the duodenum, triggered by CCK and secretin.

A hormone released from the duodenum in response to increased acidity. It stimulates HCO3- secretion, which neutralizes the acid.

A peptide hormone released from the duodenum in response to increased FAs and peptides/amino acids. It stimulates enzyme secretion and bile production.

The pancreas secretes a constant rate of pancreatic juice and chyme transport. 4-5l of pancreatic juice is produced in 24 hours.

The rate of secretion increases within minutes of feeding. There's no change in bicarbonate concentration, but continuous secretion ensures stable conditions for microbial degradation. 30-35l of pancreatic juice is produced in 24 hours.

There is a great increase in the amount of juice produced after feeding. A 20kg dog produces 2-3ml/min.

The liver plays a critical role in processing and regulating nutrients absorbed from the intestines, ensuring their proper release into the bloodstream.

The liver detoxifies harmful substances like toxins and drugs, converting them into less harmful forms that can be excreted.

Bile is produced by hepatocytes, specialized liver cells. It's a mixture of substances, including bile salts, which are essential for fat digestion.

Bile salts, derived from cholesterol, play a crucial role in fat digestion within the small intestine.

The gallbladder acts as a storage reservoir for bile, concentrating it when digestion isn't active. It releases bile into the small intestine upon stimulation.

The sphincter of Oddi acts like a valve, controlling the flow of bile from the bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.

Bile salts, once used in digestion, are reabsorbed from the small intestine and returned to the liver, forming a continuous cycle known as enterohepatic circulation.

The production and secretion of bile are stimulated by increased parasympathetic activity, driven by the vagal nerves and the hormone secretin.

The pancreas produces hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, which are released directly into the bloodstream.

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which is secreted into the small intestine through a duct system.

Pancreatic juice is a mixture of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and digestive enzymes, including lipase, amylase, and proteases.

Trypsin is a key enzyme in the activation of other pancreatic enzymes. Enteropeptidase, an enzyme found in the small intestine, converts trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin.

The activation of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by enteropeptidase and trypsin inhibitor, which ensures that enzymes are only activated in the small intestine.

Pancreatic juice secretion is regulated by hormones like secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK). Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion, while CCK stimulates enzyme secretion.

The secretion of pancreatic juice can be influenced by various factors, including the cephalic phase (thought and smell of food), gastric phase (food in the stomach), and intestinal phase (food arriving in the small intestine).

The composition and secretion of pancreatic juice can vary depending on the species. For example, ruminants have higher lipase activity, horses lack trypsin inhibitor, and dogs have a unique pancreatic polypeptide.