Pancreas Enzymes and Pancreatitis

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following ions is absorbed through diffusion?

Mg2+

Na+

Ca2+

K+ (correct)

What is the primary mode of transportation for fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine?

Active transport

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion (correct)

Carrier-mediated transport

Which hormone stimulates the active transport of calcium ions in the small intestine?

PTH

Calcitriol (correct)

Aldosterone

Insulin

What is the primary mechanism of absorption for water-soluble vitamins in the small intestine?

Diffusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the trigger zone for chemical agents that stimulate vomiting?

Chemoreceptor trigger zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which vomiting is initiated in the brain?

Impulse from the chemoreceptor trigger zone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of secretin in pancreatic secretion regulation?

Stimulating the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in water and HCO3- but poor in enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural component of the brush border in the small intestine, where oligosaccharidase acts on oligosaccharides?

Microvilli Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulant of bile secretion by liver cells?

Bile salts Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for causing the gall bladder to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax?

CCK Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of pancreatic insufficiency on nutrient absorption?

Steatorrhea, a condition characterized by fatty stools Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Kelenjar Brunner in the small intestine?

Secretion of mucus with NaHCO3- to protect the duodenal mucosa from gastric acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Regulation of pancreatic secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of vagal stimulation on bile secretion?

Increases bile secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of intestinal absorption of fats?

Emulsification and solubilization by bile salts and pancreatic lipase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes?

CCK Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gall bladder in digestion?

Stores and concentrates bile Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli is responsible for the secretion of bile rich in water and HCO3-?

Acid chyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of CCK on the gall bladder?

Contracts the gall bladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of secretin in digestion?

Stimulates the secretion of bile rich in water and HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pancreas

Amilase pancreas breaks down polysaccharides into oligosaccharides, which are further broken down by oligosacaridase on the brush border of the small intestine.
Lipase pancreas hydrolyzes triglycerol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipase A2.
Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease are also present in the pancreas.

Pancreatic Insufficiency

Causes steatorrhea.

Pancreatitis

Caused by heavy alcohol intake, biliary tract obstruction, or insufficient trypsin inhibitor.
Pancreatic cells release trypsin, which digests pancreatic cells.

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion

Mainly hormonal:
- Secretin stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in water and HCO3-, but poor in enzymes, in response to acid chyme in the duodenum.
- CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes, in response to digestive products of proteins and fats in the duodenum.
Nervous control: parasympathetic impulses along vagus nerves stimulate secretion of pancreatic enzymes.

Biliary System

Includes the liver, gallbladder, and associated ducts (hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts).

Functions of Liver

Synthesizes and secretes bile.
Performs metabolic processes (e.g., gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis).
Performs detoxification and degradation (e.g., of drugs and hormones).
Synthesizes plasma proteins (e.g., albumin, clotting factors).
Stores nutrients (e.g., Na+).

Absorption of Nutrients

Na+: diffusion, cotransport, or active transport, stimulated by aldosterone.
Ca2+: active transport, stimulated by calcitriol and PTH.
K+: diffusion.
Mg2+, Fe2+: active transport.
PO43-, SO42-, Cl-, I-, HCO3-: diffusion or carrier-mediated transport.
Water-soluble vitamins: diffusion.
Fat-soluble vitamins: diffusion, absorbed from micelles.
Vit B12: active transport, must be bound to intrinsic factor.

Vomiting

Definition: ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.
Stimuli: tactile stimulation of the back of the throat, irritation or distension of the stomach and duodenum, elevated intracranial pressure, rotation/acceleration, chemical agents, and psychogenic factors.
Process: nausea, palpitation, sweating, pupil dilation, and belching, followed by contraction of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm, relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter, and closure of the glottis and epiglottis.

Gall Bladder

No digestive role.
Stores bile.
Concentrates bile.
Empties during meals.
Secretes mucus.

Regulation of Bile Secretion and Gall Bladder Emptying

Chemical: bile salts stimulate bile secretion by liver cells.
Hormonal: secretin and CCK stimulate bile secretion and gall bladder contraction.
Neural: vagal stimulation increases bile secretion and causes weak contraction of the gall bladder.

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Description

This quiz covers the functions of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and nucleases, as well as the causes and effects of pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency.