Pananaliksik: Pagbasa at Pagsusuri

Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba't Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik

• This text is about reading and analyzing various texts to conduct research
• It covers the principles of research, writing a research paper and selecting the right topic

Layuning Pampagkatuto (Learning Objectives)

• Students will analyze examples of Filipino research based on purpose, use, method, and ethics
• Students will define the concept of research using its definition and nature

Panimulang Gawain (Introductory Activity)

• Istap, Luk at Tel! : View the photo and analyze it carefully and answer the questions below

Kahulugan (Definition)

• Saliksik, pananaliksik, or pagsasaliksik means discovering answers to particular human questions about one's society or environment
• Anything important to an individual or group, from the most abstract (beliefs) to the most concrete (effect of bacteria), can be researched
• From the personal (sexuality of Filipinos) to the political (influence of the United States in Southeast Asia)
• Research's scope is extensive

Other Definitions of Research

• Clarke and Clarke (2005) stated that it is a careful, systematic, and objective investigation to obtain valid facts, form conclusions, and create principles related to a defined problem
• John W. Best (2002) defined it as systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to generalization, principles, theory, and concepts and result in prediction and control of events
• Mouly (1964) defined it as the process of obtaining reliable solutions to a problem through planned and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data
• Nuncio et al. (2013) called it a logical process of finding answers based on problems and methods, leading to knowledge and skills to meet the needs of people and society

Kabuluhan at Layunin (Significance and Purpose)

• Researchers determine the importance or significance of research based on their aim or perspective
• The following are some purposes:
• To describe a phenomenon by exploring basic knowledge about a topic and creating a general picture or context

Purposes of Research

• Examples include answering what, where, or who questions
• Example: What is COVID 19? Where did it come from?
• To explain the cause or reason for events by exploring every possibility
• This may involve conducting surveys or in-depth interviews
• Example: Why are youth addicted to online games?
• To evaluate the effectiveness of a task or project to benefit everyone
• Example: Proposed pandemic laws are reviewed carefully before implementation

Gamit (Use)

• To predict what will happen
• Social Weather Station or Pulse Aia conduct surveys to give information considered by people when deciding elections
• "Informed decision" is the term for such a decision
• Primarily for academics, namely students and teachers
• Students complete required assignments
• A strict prerequisite for finishing a course is making a thesis (bachelor's), master's, or dissertation (doctorate)
• Public servants, private or non-government institutions, churches, NGOs, and businessmen also conduct research

Uri ng Pananaliksik (Types of Research)

• Batayang Pananaliksik (Basic Research): Traditional/conventional research
• Conducted by academics in universities, in social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences
• Aims to gather knowledge to broaden understanding of a thing/phenomenon, starting with researcher questions about their culture and society
• Pagtibayin ang mga nabuong teorya: Strengthen established theories or explanations of topic
• Pasubalian at ipawalang-bisa: Refute to create a new perspective or paradigm

Isinapraktikang Pananaliksik (Applied Research)

• Prime goal: solve problems related to specific policies (Finsterbusch and Motz 1980)
• Gives immediate solution to a specific problem
• Mababawasan ang mga drop-out sa hayskul: Will drop-outs in high school be lessened during pandemic?
• Hindi na ba magkakaroon ng COVID 19: Will vaccinated people no longer get COVID 19?
• Tatlong Pangunahing uri ng Isinpraktikang Pananaliksik: Three key types of practice research

Types of Practice Research

• Action Research is research aimed at movement
• Social Impact Assessment is research that assesses the effects on society/environment
• Evaluation Research is research for evaluation

Paghahambing at Pagtatambis sa Batayan at Isinapraktikang Pananaliksik

• Batayan: Freely chosen research topic, rigor standards, internal logic, theoretical knowledge, success if published
• Isinapraktika: Limited topic, sponsor standard, general information, specific societal problem, success if used for decision making

Etika ng Pananaliksik (Research Ethics)

• According to Ferriols (1997), ethics comes from the Greek ethike rooted in ethos, meaning "customary conduct of life" or "habit"
• In common use, ethics refers to ideas related to opinions about what should and should not be or is right and wrong
• Ethics concerns human actions, based off context of human relationships and human values

Mga Dapat Isaalang-alang Para sa Etikal na Pananaliksik (Things to consider for Ethical Research)

• Pagbanggit at Pagkilala: Mention and acknowledge the original author or source of data or ideas in the research
• Pagpapahintulot nang may Malayang Pagpapasya: Request permission for necessary materials
• Pagkakumpidensiyal at Pagkapribado: Be realistic and sensitive about confidentiality and privacy of information obtained from participants
• Pagtataguyod ng Kagalingan: Prioritize the welfare, well-being, and rights of participants over interests in the research process and use of its results
• Pakikikugali sa mga Pamantayang Kultural: Recognize cultural, legal, and moral standards of research locations

Plagyarismo at Tungkulin ng Mananaliksik (Plagiarism and the Researcher's Responsibility)

• A major topic related to violating rules in ethical research is plagiarism
• According to the American History Association (AHA) (1987), plagiarism comes from the Latin "abdaktor" and means abduct and plagiare (to kidnap)
• According to the American Psychological Association (APA) (2002), plagiarism is claiming parts of another researcher's research
• Claims, imitates, or copies words, data, ideas, processes, and results of the work or used by others w/o acknowledgment

Mga Anyo ng Plagiarism (Forms of Plagiarism)

• Minimalistic: uses ideas or concepts but rewords; Full: copying; Partial: mixes sources; Source Citation: gives a source but it is wrong or incomplete
• Self-Plagiarism: re-publishing what you alr published to a new medium

Intellectual Property Law

• Intellectual Property Law gives "exclusive property rights" to inventors, writers, artists, including copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights, and trade secrets

Tungkulin ng Mananaliksik (Researcher's Responsibility)

• Should answer own questions and prove assumptions to themselves, respecting data, appreciating intellectual property, and valuing people interviewed
• Originality determines the excellence in discovering knowledge

Pagyamanin (Enrich)

• Explain the importance of research in your life as a student

Isaisip (Keep in Mind)

• On the whole, research is an ingredient in human life, promoting asking questions, but with limitations and guidelines

Gawain (Activity)

• Sitwasyon 1: Bb. XYZ changed some information for biased results and revealed her respondents, breaching ethics.
• Sitwasyon 2: Marta stole the work of other researchers

Ang Pagsulat ng Balangkas (Outline Writing)

• Outlines are helpful in organizing information and for direction during research
• Outlines provide direction for research
• Blueprint (architects) = Outlines (researchers)

Uri ng Balangkas (Types of Outlines)

• Pormal na balangkas organizes points using roman numerals and subtopics with letters and arabic numerals, which uses headings and subheadings
• Informal Balangkas: A type of outline that is not very high detail and complex. There is simple collection of information by heading topic of research and support

Mga Bahagi ng Papel Pampananaliksik

• Paglalahad ng Suliranin: Explains the problem after choosing
• Should be in-depth and clearly showing the topic, limited by the issue
• Limited by who, what, and when

Kahalagahan ng Pag-aaral

• Highlight is value-add, whether new findings, being different, or justifying replication
• It demonstrates purpose by showing context and society

Layunin ng Pag-aaral

• Aims of studies: directs studies:
  • clear aims, related to topics, etc

Rebyu ng Kaugnay na Literatura

• Pagtalakay sa rebyu ng kaugnay na literatura: A systematic organization, in essay form, that shows relevance
• It touches libraries, research, essays, and journals
• The goal of the literary view: why it should continue or theory guidance
• It should include contributions, history, perspectives

Rebyu ng Kaugnay na Literatura

• Key points: reveals connections, helps with planning and suggesting, identifies problems and sources, broadens scope, and shows direction.

Konseptuwal o Teoretikal na Balangkas

• The building of concepts by learning about topics
• Structure, links, overviews
• Conceptual or theoretical

Tatlong Pangunahing Elemento ng Hakbangin sa Pagbuo ng Konseptuwal na Balangkas

• Kilalanin ang mga konsepto: identify concepts
• Pagkakaugnay at pag-uugnay: identify links
• Paglalarawan sa Pagkakabalangkas: use forms of illustration to show meaning

Metodolohiya sa Pananaliksik

• Indicates variables, data, design
• Determines how to collect or analyze it
• Determines what instititions/sites to focus at
• How to prove a hypothesis

Pangangalap ng Datos (Data Collection)

• Primary ang Sekondaryang Sanggunian: Data is important to all research, and uses sources
• Hanguang Elektroniko or internet are electronic resources for data collection
• Types
• Primary: original (letters/interviews), secondary: derived (journal articles, encyclopedia), and uses Kawastuan standards

Pangunahing Uri ng Tala/Datos (Types of records/data)

• Sipi, Buod, or Parapreys: Can use direct quotes, sum, paraphrase

Paggawa ng Bibliograpiya (Bibliography Creation)

• Estilong MLA (Modern Language Association): a citation style
• Author citation types:
• Author page
• Author page of classics
• Author acronym (unnamed)
• Format is critical with this in mind:
• A number of sources are discussed
• Various guidelines are set

Citation o Pagkilala sa Awtor sa Loob ng Papel Pananaliksik

• (Author).
• MLA (Author, date)
• Various cases are included.

Estilong APA

• With various aspects included.

Ang Konseptong Papel (The Concept Paper)

• Serves as a proposal for to prepare for a study
• It has an overall idea based off structure
• Components are key, can be long

Bahagi ng Konseptong Papel (Parts of the Concept Paper)

• Rasyonal: explain
• Layunin: goal is clear
• Metodolohiya: is the approach
• Bunga: final concept

Katangian ng Konseptong Papel

• Maikli ngunit malinaw, Makatotohanan, Mapagmulat, Makapangyarihan: short and sharp, objective, stimulating, and potent

Hakbang sa Pagbuo ng Konseptong Papel

• Magplano, Mag-isip, Maghanda, Magtanong: Planning, Thinking, Preparing, Questioning