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Questions and Answers
What is the term for molten rock that forms underneath the earth's surface?
What is the term for molten rock that forms underneath the earth's surface?
What is the term used for the smooth lava flows sometimes resembling twisted ropes?
What is the term used for the smooth lava flows sometimes resembling twisted ropes?
Which volcanic feature accumulates material but is not part of the central vent of a volcano?
Which volcanic feature accumulates material but is not part of the central vent of a volcano?
Which term refers to the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface?
Which term refers to the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface?
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What type of mass movement involves the gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith?
What type of mass movement involves the gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith?
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What is a synonym for glowing avalanches consisting of hot gases with ash and lava fragments?
What is a synonym for glowing avalanches consisting of hot gases with ash and lava fragments?
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Which era is known as the age of dinosaurs?
Which era is known as the age of dinosaurs?
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What is the outermost layer of the atmosphere called?
What is the outermost layer of the atmosphere called?
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Where does most meteors entering Earth burn?
Where does most meteors entering Earth burn?
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What is the study of fossils of ancient life forms and their evolution called?
What is the study of fossils of ancient life forms and their evolution called?
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In which layer of the atmosphere do all weather events take place?
In which layer of the atmosphere do all weather events take place?
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What type of rock is Scorio based on the text?
What type of rock is Scorio based on the text?
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What is the driving force of mass movements?
What is the driving force of mass movements?
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What is the event that initiates downslope movement?
What is the event that initiates downslope movement?
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Which type of mass movement refers to rapid soil and regolith with high water content?
Which type of mass movement refers to rapid soil and regolith with high water content?
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What occurs when soil is saturated with water and flows downslope slowly at a rate of a few millimeters or centimeters per day or year?
What occurs when soil is saturated with water and flows downslope slowly at a rate of a few millimeters or centimeters per day or year?
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What refers to permanently frozen ground that forms in areas where deep thawing is prevented year-round?
What refers to permanently frozen ground that forms in areas where deep thawing is prevented year-round?
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What part of the hydrologic cycle involves excess rainfall flowing over the surface into lakes and streams?
What part of the hydrologic cycle involves excess rainfall flowing over the surface into lakes and streams?
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Which type of flow is characterized by a straight-line path parallel to the stream channel?
Which type of flow is characterized by a straight-line path parallel to the stream channel?
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What is the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time called?
What is the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time called?
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Which term refers to a measure of a stream's ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity?
Which term refers to a measure of a stream's ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity?
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What type of flow occurs whenever a stream slows down, causing a reduction in competence?
What type of flow occurs whenever a stream slows down, causing a reduction in competence?
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Which geological feature is characterized by icicle-like pendants hanging from cave ceilings?
Which geological feature is characterized by icicle-like pendants hanging from cave ceilings?
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What hard mineral, close to talc, can be scratched by a fingernail?
What hard mineral, close to talc, can be scratched by a fingernail?
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Study Notes
Mass Movements
- Gravity is the driving force of mass movements
- Trigger: the event that initiates downslope movement
- Liquefaction: occurs when an intense earthquake/ground shaking causes water-saturated materials to lose their strength
- Slump: the downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface
- Debris flow: a rapid mass movement of soil and regolith with large water content, often referred to as mudflows in fine-grained materials
- Lahars: debris flows from volcanic materials on volcano flanks, originating in Indonesia
- Solifluction: occurs when soil is saturated with water, the soggy mass may flow downslope at a rate of a few millimeters or a few centimeters per day or per year
Hydrologic Cycle
- The hydrologic cycle is a gigantic, worldwide system powered by energy from the Sun
- Precipitation: falls into the ocean, has completed its cycle and is ready to begin another
- Infiltration: portion of water that soaks into the ground
- Runoff: surplus water flows over the surface into lakes and streams
- Transpiration: some of the water that soaks into the ground is absorbed by plants, which then release it into the atmosphere
Volcanology
- Magma: molten rock that forms underneath the earth's surface
- Effusive eruption: refer to quiescent eruption, pouring out
- PAHOEHOE LAVA FLOWS: smooth surfaces that sometimes twisted braids of ropes
- Pyroduct: other term for lava tubes
- Volatiles: dissolved gases
- Tephra: other term for pyroclastic materials
- Parasitic cone: the cone-shaped accumulation of volcanic material not part of the central vent of a volcano
- Mauna Loa: earth's largest shield volcano
- Stratovolcano: other term for composite volcano
- Nuéeardentes: other term for glowing avalanches, consist of hot gases infused with incandescent ash and larger lava fragments
- Volcanism: is the eruption of molten rock from inside the Earth to the surface
Geologic Time Scale
- Pre-Cambrian Era
- Mesozoic Era: divided into three periods (Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous)
- Cenozoic Era
- Quaternary period: latest period
- 4.6 Billion yrs old: believed to be the actual age of the Earth
- Carboniferous: divided into Pennsylvanian and Mississippian
Spheres of Earth
- Lithosphere/Geosphere
- Atmosphere
- Hydrosphere
- Biosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: the lowest layer, all weather takes place (9km to 17km)
- Stratosphere: contains ozone layer, limit of jets and weather
- Mesosphere: most meteors entering earth burns here
- Thermosphere: ISS orbits the earth
- Exosphere: the outermost layer of the atmosphere
- Ionosphere: this layer is home to many satellites, plays a role in everyday communication and navigation
Paleontology
- Study of fossils of ancient life forms and their evolution
- Catastrophism: given a new prestige by Georges Cuvier based on paleontological evidence in the Paris Basin
Rocks Cycle
- Scorio: an intrusive igneous rock
- Pumice: an extrusive igneous rock
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Description
Test your knowledge of paleontology, the study of fossils and ancient life forms, along with the Geologic Time Scale. Learn about the ages of dinosaurs, the Quaternary period, and more!
