Pakistan Studies: Pakistan Movement

Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, also known as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu for "Great Leader")
Aimed to create a separate homeland for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent
Key events:
- 1906: All-India Muslim League founded
- 1940: Lahore Resolution passed, demanding a separate homeland for Muslims
- 1947: Pakistan gains independence from British colonial rule
Important figures:
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- Allama Iqbal
- Liaquat Ali Khan

Ruled the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century
Founded by Babur, a Central Asian ruler
Notable Mughal emperors:
- Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
- Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
- Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Achievements:
- Architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal
- Development of literature, art, and culture
- Administrative and military reforms
Decline:
- Weakened by internal conflicts and external pressures
- Eventually replaced by the British East India Company

Resulted in the creation of Pakistan and India as separate nations
Causes:
- Religious differences between Hindus and Muslims
- Political tensions and disagreements between Indian National Congress and All-India Muslim League
- British colonial policies and manipulation
Consequences:
- Massive migration and violence between Hindus and Muslims
- Loss of lives and property
- Establishment of Pakistan as a sovereign state

Ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus Valley region (modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India)
Timeline: 3300 BCE - 1300 BCE
Characteristics:
- Advanced urban planning and architecture
- Sophisticated irrigation systems
- Trade networks with Mesopotamia and other civilizations
- Written script (undeciphered)
Notable cities:
- Mohenjo-Daro
- Harappa

Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-e-Azam) to create a separate homeland for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent
Key events:
- 1906: All-India Muslim League founded to promote Muslim rights and interests
- 1940: Lahore Resolution passed, demanding a separate homeland for Muslims and paving the way for Pakistan's creation
- 1947: Pakistan gains independence from British colonial rule on August 14
Important figures:
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah: leader of the Pakistan Movement and first Governor-General of Pakistan
- Allama Iqbal: philosopher and poet who inspired the idea of a separate Muslim state
- Liaquat Ali Khan: first Prime Minister of Pakistan and a key figure in the Pakistan Movement

Ruled the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century
Founded by Babur, a Central Asian ruler who conquered India in 1526
Notable Mughal emperors:
- Akbar the Great (1556-1605): implemented a tolerant and inclusive regime, promoting arts and culture
- Shah Jahan (1628-1658): built the Taj Mahal and other architectural wonders
- Aurangzeb (1658-1707): expanded the empire but faced growing challenges and rebellions
Achievements:
- Architectural wonders like the Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid
- Development of literature, art, and culture, including Persian and Urdu languages
- Administrative and military reforms, including a centralized administration and a strong army
Decline:
- Weakened by internal conflicts, including wars of succession and regional rebellions
- External pressures, including the rise of the Maratha Empire and European colonial powers
- Eventual replacement by the British East India Company in the mid-18th century

Resulted in the creation of Pakistan and India as separate nations in 1947
Causes:
- Religious differences and tensions between Hindus and Muslims
- Political disagreements and rivalries between Indian National Congress and All-India Muslim League
- British colonial policies, including the "divide and rule" strategy
Consequences:
- Massive migration and violence between Hindus and Muslims, leading to approximately 1-2 million deaths
- Loss of lives, property, and cultural heritage
- Establishment of Pakistan as a sovereign state with its own government, economy, and identity

Flourished in the Indus Valley region (modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India) from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE
Characteristics:
- Advanced urban planning, with well-planned cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
- Sophisticated irrigation systems, supporting agriculture and settlements
- Trade networks with Mesopotamia and other civilizations, including the Harappan trade
- Written script, which remains undeciphered
Notable cities:
- Mohenjo-Daro: a major urban center with advanced architecture and infrastructure
- Harappa: a significant city with a complex urban planning system and trade networks

Adopted on March 23, 1956, outlining the country's governance, laws, and fundamental rights
Key features:
- Islamic republic with a federal parliamentary system and a bicameral legislature
- President as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government
- Fundamental rights and protections for citizens, including equality, justice, and freedom of speech
- Islamic provisions and principles guiding the state's functioning and policy-making
- A framework for the country's governance, laws, and institutions