Painting during the Spanish Period

Painting during the Spanish Period

• First stone churches built in Intramuros in the 17th century.
• Painting in churches began in the Manila area, with priests acting as painters and decorators.
• Augustinian fathers provided drawing lessons to Filipinos.
• Filipino painters had freedom in choosing figure colours.
• Notable painters: Jose Dans, Damiano Domingo, Justiniano, Asuncion, Alfonso Ongpin.

The Academia

• Royal Decree of March 13, 1846 established the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura in Manila.
• Agustin Saez was the sole faculty member.
• Lorenzo Rocha succeeded Saez as director in 1867.
• Simon Flores y de la Rosa was a student and painted religious canvases.
• Lorenzo Guerrero, another student, excelled in non-religious and creative painting.
• Further painters include Felix Martinez, Ramon Martinez, Jose Martinez, Manuel Flores, Anselmo Espiritu, Manuel Espiritu, and Pepe Lozano.
• Rafael Enriquez later directed the UP School of Fine Arts, known for "La Muerte de Simon de Anda".
• Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo received international acclaim.

Painting during the Spanish Period - 19th Century Masters

• Juan Luna studied under Saez, Rocha, and Guerrero.
• Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo studied under Saez.

Painting during the American Period

• Painting had less direct value compared to architecture during the American period.
• Fewer painters due to restricted commerce between Spanish and American periods.
• Manila art world emerged in 1903 with Rafael Enriquez's Associacion International de Artistas and exhibitions on Escolta.
• Vicente Rivera y Mir won first prize for "El Sueno Dorado" and Gaston O' Farell for another oil entry.
• Ramon Peralta won second prize for "Cabeza de Estudio".
• Jorge Pineda won second with landscape of Balintawak.
• Fernando Amorsolo won second prize for "Leyendo Periodico".
• Fabian dela Rosa was a prominent realist.
• Jorge Pineda (1879-1946), a well-known artist of the time, mastered lithography.

Painting during the Modern Period

• Artists sketched portraits for a living, earning $5 per drawing.
• A gallery for modern painting opened on Calle Mabini, Ermita (Philippine Art Gallery).
• Igorots, Ifugaos, Mindanao Moslems, Bagobos, and Mangyans were frequent subject matter.
• Artists on Mabini street became known as the "Mabini Painters".
• Mabini painters won major AAP prizes, with Romeo Enriquez's "Sonata" winning first prize.

Sculpture during the Spanish Period

• Native sculpture (mostly idols), existed before Spanish colonization.
• Idols destroyed due to pagan origins.
• Sculptors shifted to religious subjects (saints, crosses, crucifixes) as Christianity spread.
• Filipino sculpture developed significantly in the 19th century.
• Araneta collection includes an unconventional Virgin Mary statue.

Sculpture during the American Period

• Post-1896 revolution, Filipino sculptors created monuments, including Rizal's monuments in plazas.
• Ramon Martinez sculpted a full-figure monument at the "Cry of Balintawak" site in 1905, known as the Bonifacio Monument.
• International competition established a now-iconic Rizal monument design (book and coat).
• Naga City highlights a Bicolano martyrs monument with bronze statue of Rizal, plus angelic figures and female figures on base.
• Cebu City Rizal displays him writting last farewell

Architecture during the Pre-Spanish Period

• Filipino houses used light materials (bamboo, palm, vines, grass, wood).
• Pyramidal roofs and low walls were common.
• Floor raised above the ground.

Architecture during the Spanish Period

• Early houses used lightweight material, later adobe stones.
• Churches on one side of the plaza, Casa Real on the other.
• Native houses outside the town center.
• Intramuros stone walls were an engineering feat.
• San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral were early architectural highlights, emphasizing massiveness and stability.
• Manila Cathedral rebuilt after earthquakes, featured Renaissance style.
• Parish priests often managed church constructions in provinces.
• Many churches in the Philippines show similar barn-style characteristics