300 Questions
Which term refers to pain relief or decrease?
Analgesic
What is the primary cause of nociceptive pain?
Nociceptive firing
Which term refers to pain due to a stimulus that normally does not provoke pain?
Allodynia
What is the cause of central pain?
Cause is within the central nervous system
Which term refers to an altered sensitivity of nociceptors resulting in an increase in pain perception?
Hyperalgesia
What physiological process can lead to chronic pain lasting more than 3-6 months?
Sensitization
Which term refers to inflammation of a nerve root?
Radiculitis
Which pathway is responsible for the transmission of pain and temperature signals to the postcentral gyrus?
Lateral spinothalamic tract
What is the main function of the cingulate gyrus in relation to pain?
Generating emotional response to pain
Which area of the brain is responsible for autonomic responses to pain?
Insular cortex
Where are interneurons located in the modulation of pain?
Central nervous system
What is the term used to describe individuals who are congenitally insensitive to pain?
Congenital insensitivity to pain
Why are individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain easily injured?
They have reduced pain tolerance
What is the likely cause of death for individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain?
Infections
What is the function of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nociceptors?
They can release and be activated by inflammatory chemistry
Which fibers report to the dorsal horn or to the brainstem nuclei?
Both mechanoreceptors and nociceptors
What type of pain sensation is conveyed by Ad fibers?
Sharp and short-lasting pain
What type of pain sensation is conveyed by C fibers?
Dull and diffuse pain
What is the result of sudden painful stimulation on nociceptors?
Double pain phenomenon
What is the main concept of the Gate Control Theory of Pain?
Non-noxious input suppresses pain
What is referred pain?
Pain originating from a somatic site
Which of the following is a possible cause of abnormal discharges in the nervous system?
All of the above
Where do descending signals that stimulate inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord originate from?
Brain
What is the function of inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord?
To suppress interfering noise
Which neurotransmitters are released by the descending pathways that modulate pain?
Serotonin and noradrenaline
How do opioid peptides from spinal inhibitory interneurons block nociceptive transmission?
By hyperpolarizing the presynaptic membrane
Which of the following can inhibit pain according to the text?
All of the above
What is the recommended approach for managing pain that lasts for more than 3-6 months?
Focus on breaking the pain cycle
What is the function of the endogenous analgesic system?
To suppress pain signals
What is the role of dorsal horn interneurons in modulating information from the periphery to the brain?
To interact with mechanoreceptors
Which part of the eye is responsible for transducing light energy into nervous signals?
Retina
What is the term used to describe the conversion of light energy into nervous signals in the retina?
Phototransduction
Which region of visual space is seen by both eyes?
Binocular region
What is the term used to describe the remaining regions of visual space that are seen by only one eye?
Monocular region
How many degrees comprise the monocular regions of the right and left hemifields?
30 degrees
What is the term used to describe the arc of visual space that we see with our eyes?
Visual field
What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina
What is the term used to describe the condition where the image is formed in front of the retina?
Myopia
Which part of the eye refracts light to form a focused image on the retina?
The cornea
Which hemisphere of the visual cortex receives input from the left hemifield of visual space?
The right hemisphere
What is the term used to describe the arrangement of cells in the retina?
Retinal cell columns
What is the function of bipolar cells in the retina?
To serve as a relay for signaling from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
What type of cells generate nervous signals for transmission into the brain via the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
What is the role of Muller cells in the retina?
Provide nutrition and structure
Which type of cells in the retina generate nervous signaling that is sent into the brain?
Ganglion cells
What is the role of bipolar cells in the visual pathway?
To control the stimulation of ganglion cells
What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of phototransduction?
Rods are monochromatic, while cones are color-sensitive
What is the function of rhodopsin pigment in rods during phototransduction?
To convert photons into electrical signals
Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for scotopic vision (night vision)?
Rods
What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of visual acuity?
Rods have poor acuity while cones have high acuity
What is the main concept of phototransduction cascade in photoreceptors?
To respond to both the intensity and wavelength of light energy
Which statement accurately describes the membrane potential of photoreceptors in low intensity light (dark)?
The membrane potential is depolarized to approximately -40 mV
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors in high intensity light (bright light)?
The membrane potential is hyperpolarized to approximately -65 mV
What is the role of cGMP in regulating the membrane potential of photoreceptors?
cGMP decreases the permeability of Na+ channels
What is the term for the Na+ entry through open channels in photoreceptors in low intensity light?
Dark current
What is the term for the loss of Na+ conductance caused by closure of channels in photoreceptors in high intensity light?
Hyperpolarization
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors with decreasing illumination?
The membrane potential depolarizes
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors with increasing illumination?
The membrane potential hyperpolarizes
What is the relationship between the membrane potential of photoreceptors and the release of neurotransmitters (NT)?
Hyperpolarization leads to less NT release
What is the next step in the phototransduction cascade after the membrane potential of photoreceptors changes?
Bipolar cells
What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?
It increases
What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination increases?
It decreases
What happens to the Na channels in photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?
They close
What happens to the Na channels in photoreceptors when the illumination increases?
They open
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?
It hyperpolarizes
What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors when the illumination increases?
It depolarizes
What is the role of cGMP in regulating the membrane potential of photoreceptors?
It opens Na channels
What is the role of Glutamate in the visual processing pathway?
It stimulates bipolar cells
What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination remains the same?
It remains the same
How do photoreceptors adapt when the illumination remains the same?
They remain the same
What is the function of calcium in the photoreceptor cells?
To inhibit cGMP
What happens to the sensitivity of photoreceptors in continuous bright light?
It decreases
What type of response do ON bipolar cells have to glutamate?
Inhibitory
What is the response of OFF bipolar cells to glutamate?
Excitatory
What type of response do ON-type bipolar cells have to glutamate from photoreceptors?
Inhibitory
What type of response do OFF-type bipolar cells have to glutamate from photoreceptors?
Excitatory
What is the response of ganglion cells to glutamate neurotransmitter?
Excitatory
What is the purpose of the ON and OFF columns of retinal cells?
To increase resolution
What is the purpose of the center-surround receptive field organization in ganglion cells?
To detect boundaries
What is the role of horizontal cells in the modulation of neurotransmitter release in the retina?
To inhibit neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors
Which type of pathway is responsible for processing motion and poor detail in the visual space?
Magnopathway
What happens to the firing rate of ganglion cells when a stimulus is presented in the center of their receptive field?
It increases
Which condition leads to a maximum change in signaling frequency in ganglion cells?
When the center and surround are oppositely illuminated
What is the main function of the ganglion cell receptive fields in the visual system?
Reporting boundaries and movement
Which type of processing occurs when the Parvo pathway and Magnopathway process visual information together?
Parallel processing
What is the role of convergence in visual processing?
Depth perception
Which pathway is responsible for processing stationary objects, color, and spatial resolution in the visual space?
Parvo pathway
What type of cues are used by the visual system to perceive depth, shadows, relative size, color constancy, shape constancy, and size constancy?
Both binocular and monocular cues
What is the main function of the lens in the eye?
To focus light onto the retina
Which part of the visual cortex receives input from the left hemifield of visual space?
Left hemisphere
What are the three parts of the ear responsible for collecting and transmitting sound?
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
Which property of vibration of air contributes to the perception of loudness?
Amplitude
Which property of vibration of air contributes to the perception of pitch?
Frequency
What are the two types of fluid found within the cochlea?
Perilymph and endolymph
What is the role of hair cells in the inner ear?
Transducing sound energy into a neurochemical signal
Where is the sensory apparatus for the transduction of sound energy located?
Organ of Corti
What is the composition of the fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?
Perilymph
What is the composition of the fluid in the scala media?
Endolymph
What is the purpose of the basilar membrane in the cochlea?
To separate the three chambers of the cochlea
Where are the hair cells located in the inner ear?
Above the basilar membrane
Which structure in the ear is responsible for the resonance frequency of specific frequencies of sound energy?
Basilar Membrane
What is the function of the tonotopic map in the auditory system?
To localize specific frequencies on the basilar membrane
Where does auditory information branch off from the inferior colliculus?
Superior colliculus
How is the direction of a sound source determined in the auditory system?
By comparing delays in arrival of signals
What is the role of the cochlear nuclei in the auditory system?
To maintain tonotopic mapping
Which pathway is responsible for processing auditory information related to localization of objects and orientation of the head and eyes?
Superior colliculus pathway
How are bilateral comparisons of sound made in the auditory system?
By computing slight delays in arrival of similar signals
What is the main function of the primary auditory cortex?
To process pitch, volume, and location in space
What is the purpose of breaking down sounds into individual frequency components in the auditory system?
To recombine frequency components in the brain
What is the function of the superior olivary complex in the auditory system?
To integrate auditory and visual input
Which part of the middle ear functions as a piston?
Stapes
What is the purpose of the lever and piston arrangement of the ossicles in the middle ear?
To transfer pressure energy to the oval window
What happens to the pressure in the scala tympani when the basilar membrane is compressed?
Pressure increases
What drives potassium (K+) into the hair cells in the organ of Corti?
Endolymph
What causes the mechanically gated potassium (K+) channels to open in the hair cells?
Movement of the stereocilia
What is the role of the tectorial membrane in the organ of Corti?
To generate shearing forces against the stereocilia
What neurotransmitter is released from the hair cells in the organ of Corti?
Glutamate
How does the neurotransmitter release from the hair cell vary in relation to the back-and-forth displacement of the stereocilia?
Increased release with displacement towards
What happens to the membrane potential of the hair cell when the voltage-gated calcium (Ca++) channels open?
Depolarizes the cell
What is the function of the voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels along the base of the hair cell?
To prevent long-term accumulation of potassium (K+) within the cell
Which body systems provide input for balance?
Vestibular system, vision, and proprioception
What are the functions of the vestibular system?
All of the above
What are the components of the vestibular apparatus/organ?
Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
What is the fluid composition of the membranous portion of the vestibular system?
Perilymph outer, endolymph inner
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the vestibular system?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What forces are the vestibular sensory organs responsive to?
All of the above
What is the main function of the vestibular system?
Control and coordinate movements
What are the otolithic organs in the vestibular system?
Utricle and saccule
Where are the components of the vestibular system located?
Temporal bone
What are the consequences of disruption in any of the body systems involved in balance?
Imbalance, nausea, dizziness, and vertigo
Which part of the inner ear detects static head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration?
Maculae
What happens to the firing rate of the afferent nerve fiber when the stereocilia of hair cells bend towards the kinocilium?
There is depolarization and neurotransmitter release
Which part of the inner ear is responsible for detecting angular acceleration or rotation of the head?
Ampullae
What is the role of the otolithic membrane in the otolithic organs?
To detect linear acceleration
What is the function of the cupula in the semicircular canals?
To detect angular acceleration
What provides increased sensitivity for the detection and direction of motion in the vestibular system?
Differential signaling from two populations of hair cells
Which part of the inner ear is responsible for detecting horizontal movement?
Maculae
What is the main function of the hair cells in the inner ear?
To convert head movement into bending forces on the hairs
Where is the synapse located for the sensory receptor hair cell in the vestibular system?
At the dendritic ending of the vestibular afferents
What is the role of the efferent input to hair cells in the inner ear?
To control sensitivity
Which of the following is NOT true about the semi-circular canals?
Each pair is 'tuned' to report rotation of the head in their respective plane
What generates a 'differential signal' between the right and left canals of each pair in the semi-circular canals?
Depolarization of hair cells in the canal towards which the head is turning
Which side indicates the direction of rotation in the plane of one of the three pairs of semi-circular canals?
The side from which increased signaling arises
Which nuclei receive and distribute afferent signaling from the vestibular receptors?
Vestibular nuclei
Which nuclei are primarily responsible for coordinating eye and neck muscles?
Medial and superior nuclei
Which tract descends to the level of the neck to control head and neck movements?
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
Which tract descends the entire level of the cord to control the extensors for posture?
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
Which cranial nerves are associated with the ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus?
3, 4, 6
What does the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) coordinate?
Eye and neck muscles
What is the main function of the vestibular nuclei?
Receive and distribute afferent signaling from the vestibular receptors
Which of the following is NOT a type of taste receptor?
Spicy
Where are taste buds located in the oral cavity?
On the surface of the tongue
Which type of taste bud is the least numerous?
Bitter taste buds
What is the main component of umami taste?
Glutamate
Which taste contributes the most to the sense of flavor?
Smell
Which type of papillae on the tongue do not have taste buds?
Filiform
Which type of taste bud is interspersed between filiform papillae on the tongue?
Fungiform taste buds
What is the primary function of taste receptors?
To detect chemicals in food and fluids
Which sense is NOT dependent on taste receptors?
Sense of hearing
What can change a person's preference for taste?
Experience
Which cranial nerves carry afferent sensory neurons to the base synaptic area of taste buds?
Cranial nerve 7
How many gustatory cells are there in each taste bud?
500
What is the turnover rate of gustatory cells in the tongue?
Every 7-10 days
What type of cells are gustatory cells?
Epithelial cells
What triggers the release of neurotransmitter from taste cells upon tastant stimulation?
Increase in intracellular Ca++
How are individual tastant molecules sensed in taste cells?
Through metabotropic receptors
Which taste sensation is mediated by the direct path through an ion channel?
Salty
Which taste sensation is mediated by the indirect path through a G-protein coupled receptor?
Bitter
How are different tastants discriminated in taste-based discrimination of different foods?
Through different patterns of signaling
Which cranial nerves carry gustatory information from taste cells to the CNS?
Cranial nerve 9 and 10
What is the function of the olfactory epithelium in the sense of smell?
To detect odorants in the air we breathe
What is the role of the thalamus in the olfactory neural pathway?
It is not involved in the olfactory neural pathway
Which part of the brain is responsible for emotions and memory in relation to the sense of smell?
Limbic system
What is the role of the granule cells in the olfactory bulb?
To allow only the most excitatory signals to be conveyed
How do individual odorants generate distinctive patterns of signals in the olfactory system?
By stimulating an array of receptors
What is the function of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in the olfactory system?
To detect pheromones
Which cranial nerve is associated with the vomeronasal organ (VNO)?
Nervus Terminalis
What is the main cause of the loss of taste and smell in COVID-19?
Supportive cells are affected
What is the function of the olfactory bulb in the sense of smell?
To process and transmit olfactory signals to the olfactory cortex
Which part of the olfactory system is responsible for perceiving specific odors?
Cortex
Which type of sensory receptor responds to changes in temperature?
Thermoreceptors
What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?
Duration
Which sensory receptor type responds to pressure and vibration?
Tactile receptors
What is the term for the process through which a sensory receptor neuron transforms stimulus energy into a bioelectric signal?
Transduction
Which sensory system transduces color and brightness stimuli?
Sight
What is the term for the type of stimulus energy that a sensory system transduces?
Modality
Which sensory receptor type responds to pain or noxious stimuli?
Nociceptors/Pain receptors
What is the term for the strength of a particular stimulus?
Intensity
Which sensory system transduces bitter, sweet, salty, and sour stimuli?
Taste
Which sensory receptor type responds to changes in acidity, concentration, and molecular structure?
Chemoreceptors
What is the term used to describe the change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus?
Generator potential
Which type of sensory receptors are specialized to detect mechanical displacements caused by sound energy or gravity?
Mechanoreceptors
What is the term used to describe the minimum intensity of stimulus energy that will cause a sufficiently large generator potential to trigger signaling via the generation of action potentials?
Stimulus threshold
What is the term used to describe the responsive depolarization of the trigger zone of the sensory nerve terminal?
Generator potential
Which type of sensory receptors generate signaling that encodes 'stimulus on' and 'stimulus off'?
Rapidly adapting receptors
Which type of sensory receptors generate sustained signaling as long as the stimulus is applied, with a gradual reduction in frequency?
Slowly adapting receptors
What is the term used to describe the decreasing generator potential during a sustained stimulus?
Receptor adaptation
What is the term used to describe the gradual decline in the frequency of action potentials from a receptor in response to a sustained stimulus?
Receptor adaptation
What is the term used to describe the conversion of light energy into nervous signals in the retina?
Phototransduction
What is the term used to describe the arrangement of cells in the retina?
Retinal organization
Which type of neurons serve as a relay by projecting a 'tertiary fiber' into the primary sensory cortex of the brain?
Third order relay neurons
What is the term used to describe the spatial domain to which an applied stimulus will trigger signaling along a particular fiber?
Receptive field
What is the main function of the labeled line pathway in somatosensory processing?
To identify the location of a stimulus
Which pathway is responsible for transmitting peripheral somatosensory information to the brain?
Anterolateral Spinothalamic
What is the term used to describe the ordered projection of the sensory surface through the spatial arrangement of the afferent fibers?
Topographic arrangement
Which type of neurons are located within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or brainstem and serve as a relay by projecting a 'secondary fiber' via an ascending tract?
Second order relay neurons
What is the term used to describe the capability to localize a stimulus to a particular point upon the body?
Receptive field
What is the term used to describe the capability to distinguish between two separate stimuli?
Receptive field
What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?
Duration of stimulus
What is the term used to describe the decreasing generator potential during a sustained stimulus?
Adaptation
Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration, and proprioception (position sense)?
Dorsal/posterior column
Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and crude touch?
Spinothalamic pathway
Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting touch information from the face?
Main sensory trigeminal pathway (MSTP)
Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting touch information from the body?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (MLP)
Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting somatosensory information from the periphery to the primary sensory cortices?
Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (MLP)
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways of modifying afferent input in the central processing of sensory information?
Distal excitation (ascending analgesic tract)
What determines the average strength of synaptic inputs on a relay neuron in the dorsal horn?
The number of primary afferent fibers
What determines the brain's perception of the specific location of a stimulus on the body surface?
The size of the receptive field
What is the term used to describe the process of converting light energy into nervous signals in the retina?
Phototransduction
What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?
Duration
Which term refers to the transmission of somatosensory information into the brain via a 'multi-synaptic relay'?
Dorsal horn
What is the function of somatosensory receptors?
To transduce signals into electrical signals
Which type of channels are present in the nerve endings of somatosensory receptors?
Stimulus-gated ion channels
Where do the cell bodies of primary afferent fibers in the somatosensory pathway reside?
Dorsal root ganglia
What is the role of the trigger zone in somatosensory neurotransmission?
To contain voltage-gated Na+ channels
What is the main function of somatosensory pathways?
To perceive sensations
Which term describes the organization of somatosensory pathways where information is represented in a specific spatial arrangement?
Somatotopic
What is the first synapse in the somatosensory pathway?
Dorsal horn
What do somatosensory receptors transduce into electrical signals?
Stimuli
What determines the receptive field of somatosensory nerve endings?
Stimulus-gated ion channels
Which type of neuron releases its neurotransmitter to vary the strength of synaptic transmission from the primary afferent fiber to the second order relay neuron?
Dorsal horn interneuron
What is the function of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn?
Diminish synaptic transmission
What restrains the responsiveness of dorsal horn relay neurons to afferent sensory signaling?
Both feedforward and feedback inhibition
What is the purpose of feedforward inhibition in the sensory processing pathway?
To filter out weaker signals
What is the main role of the dorsal horn interneurons in somatosensory processing?
To modulate second order neuron response
What happens to the transmission of afferent signaling along a 'line' due to input from inhibitory interneurons?
Diminished
What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in the sensory processing pathway?
To diminish synaptic transmission
What is the effect of inhibitory interneurons on the transmission of afferent signaling in the dorsal horn?
Diminish
What is the role of local interneurons in the dorsal horn?
Modulate second order neuron response
What is the effect of inhibitory interneurons on transmission from relay neurons that receive input from receptive fields surrounding the central point of a stimulus?
Diminish
Which type of thermoreceptor is less sensitive to temperature change than cold receptors?
Warm receptors
What is the temperature threshold for warm receptors to report an increase in temperature?
Above 97°F
Which type of nociceptor generates the perception of pain to heat?
Warm nociceptors
What is the stimulus threshold that differentiates a nociceptor from a non-nociceptive somatosensory receptor?
Higher stimulus threshold
Which fibers convey the sharp, short-lasting sensation of pain?
Ad fibers
Which fibers convey the dull or diffuse sensation of pain?
C fibers
What is the term used to describe the initial sharp pain conveyed by Ad fibers?
First pain
What is the term used to describe the longer duration, duller sensation of pain conveyed by C fibers?
Second pain
What type of receptors are polymodal receptors?
Nociceptors
What type of receptors respond to mechanical and thermal nociceptors?
Ad fibers
Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting pain?
Nociceptors
Which of the following senses is NOT considered a general sense?
Equilibrium
Which part of the body has thick skin that is glabrous and nonhairy?
All of the above
What is the function of the somatosensory system?
To report body's interactions with immediate surroundings
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium?
Epidermis
Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting texture and shape?
Mechanoreceptors
Which part of the skin is loaded with sensory receptors?
Dermis
What are the three classes of receptors in the somatosensory system?
Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors
Which part of the body has thin skin that is hairy and found everywhere except palms and soles?
Everywhere else
What is the function of the fascia in the body?
To encase organs and bind them together
What is the classification of peripheral fibers conveying non-proprioceptive somatosensory afferent signals?
Alphabetical
Which mechanoreceptor type is responsible for transmitting 'light touch' sensations?
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Which type of thermoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in temperature?
Cutaneous thermoreceptors
Which statement about thermoreceptors is correct?
Hypothalamus also has temperature sensitive receptors
What is the main function of mechanoreceptors in the skin and fascia?
Detecting movements across the skin
Which type of mechanoreceptor has a small receptive field and is rapidly adapting?
Meissner’s Corpuscle
Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting surface texture of objects?
Merkel’s Disc
What is the role of the labeled line pathway in somatosensory processing?
Encoding specific aspects of touch and feel
Which statement about thermoreceptors is correct?
They adapt rapidly to sustained temperatures
What is the main function of the endogenous analgesic system?
Inhibiting pain signals
Which part of the ear is responsible for transducing vibrations of the basilar membrane into action potentials?
Inner ear
What is the function of the tympanic membrane in the ear?
To focus and direct air pressure waves through the external auditory meatus
Which part of the ear is responsible for fine tuning and amplifying the vibrations of the air?
Middle ear
What is the function of the membranes covering the oval and round windows in the ear?
To mark the boundary between the middle and inner ear
Which muscle contracts longitudinally and thickens due to shortening, pushing against the wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Levator veli palatini
What are the parts of the auricle (pinna) in the ear?
Helix, Antihelix, Concha, Crura
What is the function of the auricle (pinna) in the ear?
To pull in sound in the range of human speech
Which bone in the middle ear is attached to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
Which part of the ear contains the organs of hearing and balance?
Inner ear
Which muscle simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Tensor veli palatini
Which bone in the middle ear articulates with the head of the malleus and the small lenticular process articulates with the stapes head?
Incus
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior surface and concha of the external ear?
Vagus nerve
Which muscle increases tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling the handle of the malleus medially in loud environments?
Levator veli palatini
What is the composition of the tympanic membrane?
Outer layer - modified skin, middle layer - fibrous tissue, inner layer - mucous membrane
What is the function of the tragus in the external ear?
To protect the external opening of the ear
Which bone in the middle ear fits in the oval window of the inner ear?
Stapes
What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the middle ear?
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Which muscle lessens vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling it posteriorly, tipping the bone away from the oval window during explosive sounds?
Stapedius
What is the function of the middle ear?
To amplify sound waves
What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?
To amplify sound waves
What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the middle ear?
To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane
Which cranial nerve supplies both the vestibular and cochlear structures in the inner ear?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which part of the inner ear senses change in linear motion and gravity?
Utricle
Which part of the inner ear senses change in angular acceleration or rotation of the head?
Semicircular canals
Which structure in the inner ear contains otoliths embedded in a gelatinous material on top of receptor cells?
Utricle
Which cranial nerve supplies the majority of the pain from otitis media?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which condition is characterized by otoliths becoming dislodged and ending up in a semicircular canal?
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Which cranial nerve is involved in equilibrium and inner ear function?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the otic ganglion?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Which structure in the inner ear widens at the ampulla and has ridges called crista where the receptors are located?
Semicircular canals
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