Pain Molecules and Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

Which term refers to pain relief or decrease?

  • Hyperalgesia
  • Analgesic (correct)
  • Algesic
  • Hypoalgesia

    • What is the primary cause of nociceptive pain?

  • Neural tissue lesion
  • Neurogenic inflammation
  • Inflammation of a nerve
  • Nociceptive firing (correct)

    • Which term refers to pain due to a stimulus that normally does not provoke pain?

  • Hyperalgesia
  • Allodynia (correct)
  • Algesic
  • Analgesic

    • What is the cause of central pain?

    <p>Cause is within the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to an altered sensitivity of nociceptors resulting in an increase in pain perception?

    <p>Hyperalgesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process can lead to chronic pain lasting more than 3-6 months?

    <p>Sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to inflammation of a nerve root?

    <p>Radiculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the transmission of pain and temperature signals to the postcentral gyrus?

    <p>Lateral spinothalamic tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cingulate gyrus in relation to pain?

    <p>Generating emotional response to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for autonomic responses to pain?

    <p>Insular cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are interneurons located in the modulation of pain?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe individuals who are congenitally insensitive to pain?

    <p>Congenital insensitivity to pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain easily injured?

    <p>They have reduced pain tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely cause of death for individuals with congenital insensitivity to pain?

    <p>Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in nociceptors?

    <p>They can release and be activated by inflammatory chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers report to the dorsal horn or to the brainstem nuclei?

    <p>Both mechanoreceptors and nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain sensation is conveyed by Ad fibers?

    <p>Sharp and short-lasting pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain sensation is conveyed by C fibers?

    <p>Dull and diffuse pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of sudden painful stimulation on nociceptors?

    <p>Double pain phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of the Gate Control Theory of Pain?

    <p>Non-noxious input suppresses pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred pain?

    <p>Pain originating from a somatic site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible cause of abnormal discharges in the nervous system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do descending signals that stimulate inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord originate from?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord?

    <p>To suppress interfering noise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitters are released by the descending pathways that modulate pain?

    <p>Serotonin and noradrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do opioid peptides from spinal inhibitory interneurons block nociceptive transmission?

    <p>By hyperpolarizing the presynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can inhibit pain according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for managing pain that lasts for more than 3-6 months?

    <p>Focus on breaking the pain cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the endogenous analgesic system?

    <p>To suppress pain signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dorsal horn interneurons in modulating information from the periphery to the brain?

    <p>To interact with mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for transducing light energy into nervous signals?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the conversion of light energy into nervous signals in the retina?

    <p>Phototransduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of visual space is seen by both eyes?

    <p>Binocular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the remaining regions of visual space that are seen by only one eye?

    <p>Monocular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many degrees comprise the monocular regions of the right and left hemifields?

    <p>30 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the arc of visual space that we see with our eyes?

    <p>Visual field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lens in the eye?

    <p>To focus light onto the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the condition where the image is formed in front of the retina?

    <p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye refracts light to form a focused image on the retina?

    <p>The cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere of the visual cortex receives input from the left hemifield of visual space?

    <p>The right hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the arrangement of cells in the retina?

    <p>Retinal cell columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bipolar cells in the retina?

    <p>To serve as a relay for signaling from photoreceptors to ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells generate nervous signals for transmission into the brain via the optic nerve?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Muller cells in the retina?

    <p>Provide nutrition and structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells in the retina generate nervous signaling that is sent into the brain?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bipolar cells in the visual pathway?

    <p>To control the stimulation of ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of phototransduction?

    <p>Rods are monochromatic, while cones are color-sensitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rhodopsin pigment in rods during phototransduction?

    <p>To convert photons into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for scotopic vision (night vision)?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between rods and cones in terms of visual acuity?

    <p>Rods have poor acuity while cones have high acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of phototransduction cascade in photoreceptors?

    <p>To respond to both the intensity and wavelength of light energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the membrane potential of photoreceptors in low intensity light (dark)?

    <p>The membrane potential is depolarized to approximately -40 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors in high intensity light (bright light)?

    <p>The membrane potential is hyperpolarized to approximately -65 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cGMP in regulating the membrane potential of photoreceptors?

    <p>cGMP decreases the permeability of Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the Na+ entry through open channels in photoreceptors in low intensity light?

    <p>Dark current</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loss of Na+ conductance caused by closure of channels in photoreceptors in high intensity light?

    <p>Hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors with decreasing illumination?

    <p>The membrane potential depolarizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors with increasing illumination?

    <p>The membrane potential hyperpolarizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the membrane potential of photoreceptors and the release of neurotransmitters (NT)?

    <p>Hyperpolarization leads to less NT release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step in the phototransduction cascade after the membrane potential of photoreceptors changes?

    <p>Bipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination increases?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Na channels in photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?

    <p>They close</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Na channels in photoreceptors when the illumination increases?

    <p>They open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors when the illumination decreases?

    <p>It hyperpolarizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of photoreceptors when the illumination increases?

    <p>It depolarizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cGMP in regulating the membrane potential of photoreceptors?

    <p>It opens Na channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Glutamate in the visual processing pathway?

    <p>It stimulates bipolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors when the illumination remains the same?

    <p>It remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do photoreceptors adapt when the illumination remains the same?

    <p>They remain the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of calcium in the photoreceptor cells?

    <p>To inhibit cGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the sensitivity of photoreceptors in continuous bright light?

    <p>It decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response do ON bipolar cells have to glutamate?

    <p>Inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of OFF bipolar cells to glutamate?

    <p>Excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response do ON-type bipolar cells have to glutamate from photoreceptors?

    <p>Inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response do OFF-type bipolar cells have to glutamate from photoreceptors?

    <p>Excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the response of ganglion cells to glutamate neurotransmitter?

    <p>Excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ON and OFF columns of retinal cells?

    <p>To increase resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the center-surround receptive field organization in ganglion cells?

    <p>To detect boundaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of horizontal cells in the modulation of neurotransmitter release in the retina?

    <p>To inhibit neurotransmitter release from photoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pathway is responsible for processing motion and poor detail in the visual space?

    <p>Magnopathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the firing rate of ganglion cells when a stimulus is presented in the center of their receptive field?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition leads to a maximum change in signaling frequency in ganglion cells?

    <p>When the center and surround are oppositely illuminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ganglion cell receptive fields in the visual system?

    <p>Reporting boundaries and movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of processing occurs when the Parvo pathway and Magnopathway process visual information together?

    <p>Parallel processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of convergence in visual processing?

    <p>Depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for processing stationary objects, color, and spatial resolution in the visual space?

    <p>Parvo pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cues are used by the visual system to perceive depth, shadows, relative size, color constancy, shape constancy, and size constancy?

    <p>Both binocular and monocular cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lens in the eye?

    <p>To focus light onto the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the visual cortex receives input from the left hemifield of visual space?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the ear responsible for collecting and transmitting sound?

    <p>Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of vibration of air contributes to the perception of loudness?

    <p>Amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of vibration of air contributes to the perception of pitch?

    <p>Frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of fluid found within the cochlea?

    <p>Perilymph and endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hair cells in the inner ear?

    <p>Transducing sound energy into a neurochemical signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sensory apparatus for the transduction of sound energy located?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the fluid in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

    <p>Perilymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the fluid in the scala media?

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the basilar membrane in the cochlea?

    <p>To separate the three chambers of the cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the hair cells located in the inner ear?

    <p>Above the basilar membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the ear is responsible for the resonance frequency of specific frequencies of sound energy?

    <p>Basilar Membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tonotopic map in the auditory system?

    <p>To localize specific frequencies on the basilar membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does auditory information branch off from the inferior colliculus?

    <p>Superior colliculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the direction of a sound source determined in the auditory system?

    <p>By comparing delays in arrival of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cochlear nuclei in the auditory system?

    <p>To maintain tonotopic mapping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for processing auditory information related to localization of objects and orientation of the head and eyes?

    <p>Superior colliculus pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are bilateral comparisons of sound made in the auditory system?

    <p>By computing slight delays in arrival of similar signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the primary auditory cortex?

    <p>To process pitch, volume, and location in space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of breaking down sounds into individual frequency components in the auditory system?

    <p>To recombine frequency components in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the superior olivary complex in the auditory system?

    <p>To integrate auditory and visual input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the middle ear functions as a piston?

    <p>Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lever and piston arrangement of the ossicles in the middle ear?

    <p>To transfer pressure energy to the oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pressure in the scala tympani when the basilar membrane is compressed?

    <p>Pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives potassium (K+) into the hair cells in the organ of Corti?

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the mechanically gated potassium (K+) channels to open in the hair cells?

    <p>Movement of the stereocilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tectorial membrane in the organ of Corti?

    <p>To generate shearing forces against the stereocilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is released from the hair cells in the organ of Corti?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the neurotransmitter release from the hair cell vary in relation to the back-and-forth displacement of the stereocilia?

    <p>Increased release with displacement towards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the membrane potential of the hair cell when the voltage-gated calcium (Ca++) channels open?

    <p>Depolarizes the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels along the base of the hair cell?

    <p>To prevent long-term accumulation of potassium (K+) within the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body systems provide input for balance?

    <p>Vestibular system, vision, and proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of the vestibular system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the vestibular apparatus/organ?

    <p>Semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fluid composition of the membranous portion of the vestibular system?

    <p>Perilymph outer, endolymph inner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the vestibular system?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forces are the vestibular sensory organs responsive to?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vestibular system?

    <p>Control and coordinate movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the otolithic organs in the vestibular system?

    <p>Utricle and saccule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the components of the vestibular system located?

    <p>Temporal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of disruption in any of the body systems involved in balance?

    <p>Imbalance, nausea, dizziness, and vertigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear detects static head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration?

    <p>Maculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the firing rate of the afferent nerve fiber when the stereocilia of hair cells bend towards the kinocilium?

    <p>There is depolarization and neurotransmitter release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear is responsible for detecting angular acceleration or rotation of the head?

    <p>Ampullae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the otolithic membrane in the otolithic organs?

    <p>To detect linear acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cupula in the semicircular canals?

    <p>To detect angular acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides increased sensitivity for the detection and direction of motion in the vestibular system?

    <p>Differential signaling from two populations of hair cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear is responsible for detecting horizontal movement?

    <p>Maculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hair cells in the inner ear?

    <p>To convert head movement into bending forces on the hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the synapse located for the sensory receptor hair cell in the vestibular system?

    <p>At the dendritic ending of the vestibular afferents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the efferent input to hair cells in the inner ear?

    <p>To control sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about the semi-circular canals?

    <p>Each pair is 'tuned' to report rotation of the head in their respective plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generates a 'differential signal' between the right and left canals of each pair in the semi-circular canals?

    <p>Depolarization of hair cells in the canal towards which the head is turning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side indicates the direction of rotation in the plane of one of the three pairs of semi-circular canals?

    <p>The side from which increased signaling arises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei receive and distribute afferent signaling from the vestibular receptors?

    <p>Vestibular nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are primarily responsible for coordinating eye and neck muscles?

    <p>Medial and superior nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract descends to the level of the neck to control head and neck movements?

    <p>Medial Vestibulospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract descends the entire level of the cord to control the extensors for posture?

    <p>Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves are associated with the ascending medial longitudinal fasciculus?

    <p>3, 4, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) coordinate?

    <p>Eye and neck muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vestibular nuclei?

    <p>Receive and distribute afferent signaling from the vestibular receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of taste receptor?

    <p>Spicy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are taste buds located in the oral cavity?

    <p>On the surface of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of taste bud is the least numerous?

    <p>Bitter taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of umami taste?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste contributes the most to the sense of flavor?

    <p>Smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of papillae on the tongue do not have taste buds?

    <p>Filiform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of taste bud is interspersed between filiform papillae on the tongue?

    <p>Fungiform taste buds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of taste receptors?

    <p>To detect chemicals in food and fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense is NOT dependent on taste receptors?

    <p>Sense of hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can change a person's preference for taste?

    <p>Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves carry afferent sensory neurons to the base synaptic area of taste buds?

    <p>Cranial nerve 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many gustatory cells are there in each taste bud?

    <p>500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the turnover rate of gustatory cells in the tongue?

    <p>Every 7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are gustatory cells?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of neurotransmitter from taste cells upon tastant stimulation?

    <p>Increase in intracellular Ca++</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are individual tastant molecules sensed in taste cells?

    <p>Through metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation is mediated by the direct path through an ion channel?

    <p>Salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taste sensation is mediated by the indirect path through a G-protein coupled receptor?

    <p>Bitter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are different tastants discriminated in taste-based discrimination of different foods?

    <p>Through different patterns of signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves carry gustatory information from taste cells to the CNS?

    <p>Cranial nerve 9 and 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the olfactory epithelium in the sense of smell?

    <p>To detect odorants in the air we breathe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thalamus in the olfactory neural pathway?

    <p>It is not involved in the olfactory neural pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for emotions and memory in relation to the sense of smell?

    <p>Limbic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the granule cells in the olfactory bulb?

    <p>To allow only the most excitatory signals to be conveyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individual odorants generate distinctive patterns of signals in the olfactory system?

    <p>By stimulating an array of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in the olfactory system?

    <p>To detect pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is associated with the vomeronasal organ (VNO)?

    <p>Nervus Terminalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the loss of taste and smell in COVID-19?

    <p>Supportive cells are affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the olfactory bulb in the sense of smell?

    <p>To process and transmit olfactory signals to the olfactory cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the olfactory system is responsible for perceiving specific odors?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor responds to changes in temperature?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?

    <p>Duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory receptor type responds to pressure and vibration?

    <p>Tactile receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process through which a sensory receptor neuron transforms stimulus energy into a bioelectric signal?

    <p>Transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory system transduces color and brightness stimuli?

    <p>Sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of stimulus energy that a sensory system transduces?

    <p>Modality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory receptor type responds to pain or noxious stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptors/Pain receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the strength of a particular stimulus?

    <p>Intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory system transduces bitter, sweet, salty, and sour stimuli?

    <p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory receptor type responds to changes in acidity, concentration, and molecular structure?

    <p>Chemoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors are specialized to detect mechanical displacements caused by sound energy or gravity?

    <p>Mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the minimum intensity of stimulus energy that will cause a sufficiently large generator potential to trigger signaling via the generation of action potentials?

    <p>Stimulus threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the responsive depolarization of the trigger zone of the sensory nerve terminal?

    <p>Generator potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors generate signaling that encodes 'stimulus on' and 'stimulus off'?

    <p>Rapidly adapting receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors generate sustained signaling as long as the stimulus is applied, with a gradual reduction in frequency?

    <p>Slowly adapting receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the decreasing generator potential during a sustained stimulus?

    <p>Receptor adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the gradual decline in the frequency of action potentials from a receptor in response to a sustained stimulus?

    <p>Receptor adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the conversion of light energy into nervous signals in the retina?

    <p>Phototransduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the arrangement of cells in the retina?

    <p>Retinal organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons serve as a relay by projecting a 'tertiary fiber' into the primary sensory cortex of the brain?

    <p>Third order relay neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the spatial domain to which an applied stimulus will trigger signaling along a particular fiber?

    <p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the labeled line pathway in somatosensory processing?

    <p>To identify the location of a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for transmitting peripheral somatosensory information to the brain?

    <p>Anterolateral Spinothalamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ordered projection of the sensory surface through the spatial arrangement of the afferent fibers?

    <p>Topographic arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons are located within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or brainstem and serve as a relay by projecting a 'secondary fiber' via an ascending tract?

    <p>Second order relay neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the capability to localize a stimulus to a particular point upon the body?

    <p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the capability to distinguish between two separate stimuli?

    <p>Receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?

    <p>Duration of stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the decreasing generator potential during a sustained stimulus?

    <p>Adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting fine touch, vibration, and proprioception (position sense)?

    <p>Dorsal/posterior column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting pain, temperature, and crude touch?

    <p>Spinothalamic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting touch information from the face?

    <p>Main sensory trigeminal pathway (MSTP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting touch information from the body?

    <p>Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (MLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is responsible for transmitting somatosensory information from the periphery to the primary sensory cortices?

    <p>Dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (MLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the ways of modifying afferent input in the central processing of sensory information?

    <p>Distal excitation (ascending analgesic tract)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the average strength of synaptic inputs on a relay neuron in the dorsal horn?

    <p>The number of primary afferent fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the brain's perception of the specific location of a stimulus on the body surface?

    <p>The size of the receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of converting light energy into nervous signals in the retina?

    <p>Phototransduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the span of time that a stimulus is sensed?

    <p>Duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the transmission of somatosensory information into the brain via a 'multi-synaptic relay'?

    <p>Dorsal horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatosensory receptors?

    <p>To transduce signals into electrical signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of channels are present in the nerve endings of somatosensory receptors?

    <p>Stimulus-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the cell bodies of primary afferent fibers in the somatosensory pathway reside?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trigger zone in somatosensory neurotransmission?

    <p>To contain voltage-gated Na+ channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of somatosensory pathways?

    <p>To perceive sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the organization of somatosensory pathways where information is represented in a specific spatial arrangement?

    <p>Somatotopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first synapse in the somatosensory pathway?

    <p>Dorsal horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do somatosensory receptors transduce into electrical signals?

    <p>Stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the receptive field of somatosensory nerve endings?

    <p>Stimulus-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron releases its neurotransmitter to vary the strength of synaptic transmission from the primary afferent fiber to the second order relay neuron?

    <p>Dorsal horn interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn?

    <p>Diminish synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What restrains the responsiveness of dorsal horn relay neurons to afferent sensory signaling?

    <p>Both feedforward and feedback inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of feedforward inhibition in the sensory processing pathway?

    <p>To filter out weaker signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the dorsal horn interneurons in somatosensory processing?

    <p>To modulate second order neuron response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the transmission of afferent signaling along a 'line' due to input from inhibitory interneurons?

    <p>Diminished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of feedback inhibition in the sensory processing pathway?

    <p>To diminish synaptic transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibitory interneurons on the transmission of afferent signaling in the dorsal horn?

    <p>Diminish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of local interneurons in the dorsal horn?

    <p>Modulate second order neuron response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibitory interneurons on transmission from relay neurons that receive input from receptive fields surrounding the central point of a stimulus?

    <p>Diminish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thermoreceptor is less sensitive to temperature change than cold receptors?

    <p>Warm receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature threshold for warm receptors to report an increase in temperature?

    <p>Above 97°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nociceptor generates the perception of pain to heat?

    <p>Warm nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stimulus threshold that differentiates a nociceptor from a non-nociceptive somatosensory receptor?

    <p>Higher stimulus threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers convey the sharp, short-lasting sensation of pain?

    <p>Ad fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers convey the dull or diffuse sensation of pain?

    <p>C fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the initial sharp pain conveyed by Ad fibers?

    <p>First pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the longer duration, duller sensation of pain conveyed by C fibers?

    <p>Second pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are polymodal receptors?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors respond to mechanical and thermal nociceptors?

    <p>Ad fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptors are responsible for detecting pain?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following senses is NOT considered a general sense?

    <p>Equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body has thick skin that is glabrous and nonhairy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the somatosensory system?

    <p>To report body's interactions with immediate surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting texture and shape?

    <p>Mechanoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skin is loaded with sensory receptors?

    <p>Dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three classes of receptors in the somatosensory system?

    <p>Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the body has thin skin that is hairy and found everywhere except palms and soles?

    <p>Everywhere else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fascia in the body?

    <p>To encase organs and bind them together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of peripheral fibers conveying non-proprioceptive somatosensory afferent signals?

    <p>Alphabetical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanoreceptor type is responsible for transmitting 'light touch' sensations?

    <p>Meissner’s Corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of thermoreceptors are most sensitive to changes in temperature?

    <p>Cutaneous thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about thermoreceptors is correct?

    <p>Hypothalamus also has temperature sensitive receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mechanoreceptors in the skin and fascia?

    <p>Detecting movements across the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mechanoreceptor has a small receptive field and is rapidly adapting?

    <p>Meissner’s Corpuscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting surface texture of objects?

    <p>Merkel’s Disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the labeled line pathway in somatosensory processing?

    <p>Encoding specific aspects of touch and feel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about thermoreceptors is correct?

    <p>They adapt rapidly to sustained temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the endogenous analgesic system?

    <p>Inhibiting pain signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear is responsible for transducing vibrations of the basilar membrane into action potentials?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tympanic membrane in the ear?

    <p>To focus and direct air pressure waves through the external auditory meatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear is responsible for fine tuning and amplifying the vibrations of the air?

    <p>Middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the membranes covering the oval and round windows in the ear?

    <p>To mark the boundary between the middle and inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle contracts longitudinally and thickens due to shortening, pushing against the wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?

    <p>Levator veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the parts of the auricle (pinna) in the ear?

    <p>Helix, Antihelix, Concha, Crura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the auricle (pinna) in the ear?

    <p>To pull in sound in the range of human speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the middle ear is attached to the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Malleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ear contains the organs of hearing and balance?

    <p>Inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?

    <p>Tensor veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the middle ear articulates with the head of the malleus and the small lenticular process articulates with the stapes head?

    <p>Incus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the posterior surface and concha of the external ear?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle increases tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling the handle of the malleus medially in loud environments?

    <p>Levator veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the tympanic membrane?

    <p>Outer layer - modified skin, middle layer - fibrous tissue, inner layer - mucous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tragus in the external ear?

    <p>To protect the external opening of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone in the middle ear fits in the oval window of the inner ear?

    <p>Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the middle ear?

    <p>To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle lessens vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling it posteriorly, tipping the bone away from the oval window during explosive sounds?

    <p>Stapedius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the middle ear?

    <p>To amplify sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ossicles in the middle ear?

    <p>To amplify sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the middle ear?

    <p>To equalize pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve supplies both the vestibular and cochlear structures in the inner ear?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear senses change in linear motion and gravity?

    <p>Utricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the inner ear senses change in angular acceleration or rotation of the head?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the inner ear contains otoliths embedded in a gelatinous material on top of receptor cells?

    <p>Utricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve supplies the majority of the pain from otitis media?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by otoliths becoming dislodged and ending up in a semicircular canal?

    <p>Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is involved in equilibrium and inner ear function?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the otic ganglion?

    <p>Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the inner ear widens at the ampulla and has ridges called crista where the receptors are located?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pain and Nociception

    • Analgesia refers to pain relief or decrease.
    • Nociceptive pain is primarily caused by injury or damage to body tissues.
    • Allodynia describes pain due to a stimulus that typically does not provoke pain.
    • Central pain originates from disorders in the central nervous system, such as a stroke or multiple sclerosis.
    • Hyperalgesia refers to an increased sensitivity of nociceptors resulting in heightened pain perception.
    • Chronic pain can arise from processes such as nerve damage or prolonged inflammation, lasting more than 3-6 months.
    • Radiculitis refers to inflammation of a nerve root.
    • The spinothalamic pathway transmits pain and temperature signals to the postcentral gyrus.
    • The cingulate gyrus plays a key role in emotional response and processing related to pain.
    • The hypothalamus is responsible for autonomic responses to pain.
    • Interneurons are located in the spinal cord and modulate the transmission of pain signals.
    • Individuals who are congenitally insensitive to pain are termed congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP).
    • Those with CIP may sustain frequent injuries due to lack of pain perception.
    • CIP can result in life-threatening conditions, often from untreated injuries or infections.
    • Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are involved in transmitting pain signals in nociceptors.
    • A-delta fibers relay sharp, fast pain sensations, while C-fibers convey dull, throbbing pain.
    • Sudden painful stimulation activates nociceptors, leading to a reflexive response.
    • The Gate Control Theory of Pain suggests that non-painful stimuli can close the "gate" on pain pathways.
    • Referred pain occurs when pain is perceived at a location other than the site of the injury.
    • Abnormal discharges in the nervous system can arise from conditions like neuropathy or chronic pain syndromes.
    • Descending signals stimulating inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord originate in the brainstem and cerebral cortex.
    • Inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord reduce pain signal transmission.
    • Neurotransmitters released in descending pain pathways include serotonin, norepinephrine, and opioids.
    • Opioid peptides block pain transmission by inhibiting nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord.

    Visual Processing

    • The retina transduces light energy into nervous signals.
    • Phototransduction describes the conversion of light energy into nervous signals in the retina.
    • The ** binocular visual field** is the area seen by both eyes, while monocular regions are visible to only one eye.
    • Right and left hemifields each have monocular regions spanning approximately 30 degrees.
    • The visual field arc encompasses the entire range of view provided by the eyes.
    • The lens focuses light onto the retina.
    • Myopia is the condition where the image is formed in front of the retina.
    • The cornea refracts light to create a focused image on the retina.
    • The left hemifield of visual space is processed by the right hemisphere of the visual cortex.
    • The retinal cell arrangement involves distinct layers including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.
    • Bipolar cells in the retina transmit signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
    • Photoreceptors (rods and cones) generate nervous signals for transmission via the optic nerve.
    • Muller cells support and maintain the structure of the retina.
    • Rods are responsible for scotopic vision (night vision); cones are responsible for color and high acuity vision.
    • The phototransduction cascade involves a series of biochemical events converting light into electrical signals.
    • In low light, photoreceptors maintain a depolarized membrane potential, releasing neurotransmitters.
    • In bright light, photoreceptors hyperpolarize, reducing neurotransmitter release.
    • cGMP regulates the membrane potential by controlling the opening of Na+ channels in photoreceptors.
    • Dark current refers to Na+ entry through open channels in photoreceptors in low light.
    • In high light, Na+ conductance decreases due to the closure of channels.
    • Increasing illumination results in decreased neurotransmitter release due to hyperpolarization.
    • Decreasing illumination causes increased neurotransmitter release as photoreceptors depolarize.
    • Glutamate is crucial in the visual processing pathway, influencing bipolar and ganglion cell signaling.

    Ganglion Cell and Retinal Processing

    • ON bipolar cells respond positively to glutamate, while OFF bipolar cells show a negative response.
    • Ganglion cells react to glutamate with varying levels of firing based on stimulus location in their receptive fields.
    • The ON and OFF columns of retinal cells allow for enhanced sensitivity to changes in light conditions.
    • Center-surround receptive field organization in ganglion cells enhances contrast detection.
    • Horizontal cells in the retina modulate neurotransmitter release for better visual adaptation.
    • The Magnocellular pathway processes motion and aspect of visual detail, while the Parvocellular pathway focuses on color and spatial resolution.
    • Convergence in visual processing increases perceptive capability for spatial and temporal cues.
    • Cues such as depth, shadows, and constancy are leveraged by the visual system to interpret spatial relationships.
    • The outer, middle, and inner parts of the ear collect and transmit sound.
    • Loudness perceptions are influenced by the amplitude of air vibrations, while pitch is determined by frequency.
    • Two types of fluid in the cochlea include perilymph (scala vestibuli and scala tympani) and endolymph (scala media).
    • Hair cells detect sound vibrations, converting them into electrochemical signals.
    • The organ of Corti houses the sensory apparatus for sound transduction in the cochlea.
    • The basilar membrane plays a critical role in differentiating sound frequencies through vibration.
    • Hair cells are located in the cochlea's organ of Corti and are essential for hearing functionality.

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    Related Documents

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    Photoreceptors and Phototransduction PDF
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    Description

    Test your knowledge on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and their role in nociceptors. Learn about the different fiber types and how they are activated by inflammatory chemistry. Explore how sensory fibers report to the dorsal horn or brainstem nuclei and discover the effects of stimulating mechanoreceptors through various methods. Take the quiz now to assess your understanding of these important pain-related molecules and mechanisms.

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