Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which muscle contracts longitudinally and thickens due to shortening, pushing against the wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Which muscle contracts longitudinally and thickens due to shortening, pushing against the wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Which bone in the middle ear is the largest and its handle attaches to the inner tympanic membrane?
Which bone in the middle ear is the largest and its handle attaches to the inner tympanic membrane?
Which muscle simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Which muscle simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing?
Which bone in the middle ear articulates with the head of the malleus and has a small lenticular process that articulates with the stapes head?
Which bone in the middle ear articulates with the head of the malleus and has a small lenticular process that articulates with the stapes head?
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Which bone in the middle ear has its base fitting in the oval window of the inner ear?
Which bone in the middle ear has its base fitting in the oval window of the inner ear?
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Which muscle increases tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling the handle of the malleus medially, reducing the amplitude of oscillations at the tympanic membrane?
Which muscle increases tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling the handle of the malleus medially, reducing the amplitude of oscillations at the tympanic membrane?
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Which muscle lessens vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling it posteriorly, tipping the bone away from the oval window?
Which muscle lessens vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling it posteriorly, tipping the bone away from the oval window?
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Which nerve innervates the posterior surface of the auricle?
Which nerve innervates the posterior surface of the auricle?
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Which nerve innervates the anterior, inferior surface of the auricle?
Which nerve innervates the anterior, inferior surface of the auricle?
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Which nerve innervates the anterior surface of the auricle?
Which nerve innervates the anterior surface of the auricle?
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Which nerve innervates the posterior surface and concha of the auricle?
Which nerve innervates the posterior surface and concha of the auricle?
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What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
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Which part of the ear is composed of areolar and adipose tissue?
Which part of the ear is composed of areolar and adipose tissue?
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What is the direction of the outer part of the external acoustic meatus?
What is the direction of the outer part of the external acoustic meatus?
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Which part of the ear helps to focus and direct air pressure waves through the external auditory meatus to the middle ear?
Which part of the ear helps to focus and direct air pressure waves through the external auditory meatus to the middle ear?
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What is the function of the middle ear?
What is the function of the middle ear?
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Which membrane marks the boundary between the middle and inner ear?
Which membrane marks the boundary between the middle and inner ear?
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What is the function of the cochlea in the inner ear?
What is the function of the cochlea in the inner ear?
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What is the function of the vestibular system in the inner ear?
What is the function of the vestibular system in the inner ear?
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What is the composition of the auricle (pinna)?
What is the composition of the auricle (pinna)?
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What is the function of the auricle?
What is the function of the auricle?
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Which nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the otic ganglion?
Which nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the otic ganglion?
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Where is the organ of hearing located?
Where is the organ of hearing located?
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Which part of the inner ear senses change in linear motion and gravity?
Which part of the inner ear senses change in linear motion and gravity?
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What is the function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
What is the function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
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What can dislodge and end up in a semicircular canal, causing vertigo?
What can dislodge and end up in a semicircular canal, causing vertigo?
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What is the most common cause of dizziness and vertigo?
What is the most common cause of dizziness and vertigo?
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Which maneuver is used to cure benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
Which maneuver is used to cure benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
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Which nerve supplies both the vestibular and cochlear structures in the inner ear?
Which nerve supplies both the vestibular and cochlear structures in the inner ear?
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Where are the bony cavities and canals of the inner ear located?
Where are the bony cavities and canals of the inner ear located?
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Which muscle is the largest and longest among the scalene muscles?
Which muscle is the largest and longest among the scalene muscles?
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Which triangle is larger and located in the upper part of the posterior triangle?
Which triangle is larger and located in the upper part of the posterior triangle?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the second rib during forced inspiration and laterally flexing the neck?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the second rib during forced inspiration and laterally flexing the neck?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and lateral flexion of the neck?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and lateral flexion of the neck?
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Which muscle can be a cause of 'thoracic outlet syndrome' if it becomes tight enough?
Which muscle can be a cause of 'thoracic outlet syndrome' if it becomes tight enough?
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Which triangle is smaller and located in the lower part of the posterior triangle?
Which triangle is smaller and located in the lower part of the posterior triangle?
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Which muscle is divided by the inferior belly of omohyoid into two sub-triangles in the posterior triangle?
Which muscle is divided by the inferior belly of omohyoid into two sub-triangles in the posterior triangle?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
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Which nerve innervates the anterior surface of the auricle?
Which nerve innervates the anterior surface of the auricle?
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Which bone in the neck is held by 4 supra-muscles and 4 infra-muscles and ligaments?
Which bone in the neck is held by 4 supra-muscles and 4 infra-muscles and ligaments?
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What is the midline elevation created by the thyroid cartilage called?
What is the midline elevation created by the thyroid cartilage called?
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Where is the depression on the superior border of the laryngeal prominence located?
Where is the depression on the superior border of the laryngeal prominence located?
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Where is the groove located upon the superior border of the manubrium between two clavicular heads?
Where is the groove located upon the superior border of the manubrium between two clavicular heads?
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Where is the depression located lateral to the clavicular origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior to the middle third of the clavicle, and anteromedial to the clavicular insertion of the trapezius muscle?
Where is the depression located lateral to the clavicular origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, posterior to the middle third of the clavicle, and anteromedial to the clavicular insertion of the trapezius muscle?
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Which muscle originates from the clavipectoral fascia, courses superiorly over the neck, and inserts into the skin around the chin and mouth?
Which muscle originates from the clavipectoral fascia, courses superiorly over the neck, and inserts into the skin around the chin and mouth?
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Which layer of dense connective tissue binds all structures in the neck and splits to encompass the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Which layer of dense connective tissue binds all structures in the neck and splits to encompass the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
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Which layer of fascia covers the supra and infrahyoid muscles?
Which layer of fascia covers the supra and infrahyoid muscles?
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Which layer of fascia covers the thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, and esophagus?
Which layer of fascia covers the thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, and esophagus?
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Which structure is encompassed by the carotid sheath, along with the carotid artery and vagus nerve?
Which structure is encompassed by the carotid sheath, along with the carotid artery and vagus nerve?
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Which muscle is responsible for laterally flexing the neck to the same side and rotating the head toward the opposite side?
Which muscle is responsible for laterally flexing the neck to the same side and rotating the head toward the opposite side?
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Which muscle elevates, retracts, adducts, and rotates the scapula?
Which muscle elevates, retracts, adducts, and rotates the scapula?
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What is the name for an abnormal asymmetrical head or neck position?
What is the name for an abnormal asymmetrical head or neck position?
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Which muscle is commonly associated with trigger points that can refer pain to various areas including the ear, neck, chin, and forehead?
Which muscle is commonly associated with trigger points that can refer pain to various areas including the ear, neck, chin, and forehead?
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Which nerve supplies the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles?
Which nerve supplies the Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius muscles?
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Where is Erb's Point located?
Where is Erb's Point located?
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Which nerve innervates the Lesser occipital, Great auricular, Transverse cervical, and Supraclavicular cutaneous nerves?
Which nerve innervates the Lesser occipital, Great auricular, Transverse cervical, and Supraclavicular cutaneous nerves?
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Which vein carries blood from the head to the superior vena cava?
Which vein carries blood from the head to the superior vena cava?
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Which vein is closest to the skin and can sometimes be seen as a rope-like bulge on the side of the neck?
Which vein is closest to the skin and can sometimes be seen as a rope-like bulge on the side of the neck?
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What does jugular vein distention indicate if the height is greater than 3 to 4 centimeters when measured supine with head elevated 45 degrees?
What does jugular vein distention indicate if the height is greater than 3 to 4 centimeters when measured supine with head elevated 45 degrees?
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Which artery supplies most of the head and neck?
Which artery supplies most of the head and neck?
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Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the carotid body and carotid sinus?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the carotid body and carotid sinus?
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Which lymphatic trunk drains the right head and neck, right upper extremity, and right thorax?
Which lymphatic trunk drains the right head and neck, right upper extremity, and right thorax?
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Which vein lies deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and drains into the subclavian vein?
Which vein lies deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and drains into the subclavian vein?
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Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
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Which structure is responsible for monitoring blood pressure at the carotid bifurcation?
Which structure is responsible for monitoring blood pressure at the carotid bifurcation?
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Which ganglion of the cervical sympathetic trunk supplies structures of the head via the internal carotid plexus and participates in the cardiac plexus of nerves?
Which ganglion of the cervical sympathetic trunk supplies structures of the head via the internal carotid plexus and participates in the cardiac plexus of nerves?
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Which artery supplies the forehead and anastomoses with the facial and superficial temporal arteries?
Which artery supplies the forehead and anastomoses with the facial and superficial temporal arteries?
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Which vein receives drainage from the occipital nodes, retroauricular nodes, and parotid nodes?
Which vein receives drainage from the occipital nodes, retroauricular nodes, and parotid nodes?
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Which nerve enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric and runs to the posterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which nerve enters the carotid triangle from behind the posterior belly of digastric and runs to the posterior aspect of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the strap (infrahyoid) muscles and one suprahyoid muscle (geniohyoid)?
Which nerve innervates the strap (infrahyoid) muscles and one suprahyoid muscle (geniohyoid)?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating the first rib during forced inspiration and flexing and laterally flexing the neck?
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Which nerve is motor to the diaphragm and runs on top of the anterior scalene?
Which nerve is motor to the diaphragm and runs on top of the anterior scalene?
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Which nerve innervates the laryngeal region, including the internal and external laryngeal nerves?
Which nerve innervates the laryngeal region, including the internal and external laryngeal nerves?
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Which nerve contributes C5 to the phrenic nerve?
Which nerve contributes C5 to the phrenic nerve?
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Which artery emerges from between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
Which artery emerges from between the anterior and middle scalene muscles?
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Which artery is responsible for supplying the thyroid and larynx?
Which artery is responsible for supplying the thyroid and larynx?
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Which artery supplies the prevertebral and deep neck structures?
Which artery supplies the prevertebral and deep neck structures?
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Which muscles assist in depression of the mandible?
Which muscles assist in depression of the mandible?
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Which muscle lowers the hyoid bone or raises the thyroid cartilage during vocalization?
Which muscle lowers the hyoid bone or raises the thyroid cartilage during vocalization?
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Which muscle stabilizes the hyoid bone during vocalization and depression of the mandible?
Which muscle stabilizes the hyoid bone during vocalization and depression of the mandible?
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Which muscle divides into a superior and inferior belly, similar to the omohyoid muscle?
Which muscle divides into a superior and inferior belly, similar to the omohyoid muscle?
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Which muscles function to lower the hyoid or thyroid cartilages or to stabilize them during vocalization and jaw opening?
Which muscles function to lower the hyoid or thyroid cartilages or to stabilize them during vocalization and jaw opening?
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Which muscles are innervated by the cervical plexus, except for the thyrohyoid muscle?
Which muscles are innervated by the cervical plexus, except for the thyrohyoid muscle?
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Which muscle divides into an anterior and posterior belly, with an intermediate tendon dividing the muscle?
Which muscle divides into an anterior and posterior belly, with an intermediate tendon dividing the muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for raising the floor of the oral cavity and drawing the hyoid bone forward?
Which muscle is responsible for raising the floor of the oral cavity and drawing the hyoid bone forward?
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Which muscle is closely related to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and moves the hyoid bone posterosuperiorly?
Which muscle is closely related to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and moves the hyoid bone posterosuperiorly?
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Which muscle raises the hyoid bone and is innervated by the nerve to the geniohyoid (CN XII)?
Which muscle raises the hyoid bone and is innervated by the nerve to the geniohyoid (CN XII)?
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Which muscle has a fibrous sling holding it to the hyoid bone and stabilizes, raises, and moves the hyoid bone?
Which muscle has a fibrous sling holding it to the hyoid bone and stabilizes, raises, and moves the hyoid bone?
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Which muscle splits and wraps around the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle before inserting onto the hyoid bone?
Which muscle splits and wraps around the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle before inserting onto the hyoid bone?
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Study Notes
Eustachian Tube
- The tensor veli palatini muscle contracts longitudinally and thickens due to shortening, pushing against the wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing.
- The salpingopharyngeus muscle simultaneously pulls on the opposing wall of the Eustachian tube when swallowing.
Middle Ear
- The malleus bone is the largest bone in the middle ear, and its handle attaches to the inner tympanic membrane.
- The incus bone articulates with the head of the malleus and has a small lenticular process that articulates with the stapes head.
- The stapes bone has its base fitting in the oval window of the inner ear.
Muscles of the Ear
- The tensor tympani muscle increases tension on the tympanic membrane by pulling the handle of the malleus medially, reducing the amplitude of oscillations at the tympanic membrane.
- The stapedius muscle lessens vibrations of the stapes bone by pulling it posteriorly, tipping the bone away from the oval window.
Innervation of the Auricle
- The posterior surface of the auricle is innervated by the lesser occipital nerve.
- The anterior, inferior surface of the auricle is innervated by the great auricular nerve.
- The anterior surface of the auricle is innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve.
- The posterior surface and concha of the auricle are innervated by the greater occipital nerve.
Functions of the Ear
- The pharyngotympanic tube functions to equalize air pressure in the middle ear.
- The outer part of the external acoustic meatus is directed downward and forward.
- The auricle (pinna) is composed of areolar and adipose tissue and helps to focus and direct air pressure waves through the external auditory meatus to the middle ear.
- The middle ear functions to transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.
- The tympanic membrane marks the boundary between the middle and inner ear.
- The cochlea in the inner ear is responsible for hearing, and the vestibular system is responsible for balance.
Inner Ear
- The organ of hearing is located in the inner ear.
- The otolith organs (utricle and saccule) in the inner ear sense changes in linear motion and gravity.
- The semicircular canals in the inner ear sense rotational movements.
- Calcium particles in the otolith organs can dislodge and end up in a semicircular canal, causing vertigo.
- Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the most common cause of dizziness and vertigo.
Triangles and Muscles of the Neck
- The scalenus anterior muscle is the largest and longest among the scalene muscles.
- The anterior triangle is larger and located in the upper part of the posterior triangle.
- The posterior triangle is smaller and located in the lower part of the posterior triangle.
Miscellaneous
- The vagus nerve (CN X) carries preganglionic parasympathetics to the otic ganglion.
- The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) supplies the carotid body and carotid sinus.
- The facial artery supplies the forehead and anastomoses with the facial and superficial temporal arteries.
- The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins.
- The internal jugular vein is the largest vein in the neck and is closest to the skin.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Eustachian Tube Dysfunction and its associated maneuvers with this quiz. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and potential complications of this condition, including retracted eardrums, fluid build-up, and infections. Explore the muscles acting on the Pharyngotympanic Tube and how they open the tube during swallowing. Get ready to expand your understanding of this important anatomical feature.
