Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of pain, according to the American Pain Society?
What is the definition of pain, according to the American Pain Society?
- An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. (correct)
- The level at which someone experiences discomfort.
- An unpleasant physical sensation.
- A conscious experience of discomfort.
At what age do infants typically show a full behavioral response to pain?
At what age do infants typically show a full behavioral response to pain?
- 3-12 months old (correct)
- 3-6 months old
- 1-2 days old
- 12-24 months old
Which of the following best describes pain tolerance?
Which of the following best describes pain tolerance?
- The maximum intensity or duration of pain a person is willing to endure. (correct)
- The level at which a person first experiences pain.
- The point where pain becomes unbearable.
- A measure of a person's emotional response to pain.
What factor tends to decrease pain tolerance?
What factor tends to decrease pain tolerance?
What is a common misconception about pain and aging?
What is a common misconception about pain and aging?
Which of the following is TRUE about pain perception?
Which of the following is TRUE about pain perception?
According to the information provided, what is the best approach to assessing a patient's pain?
According to the information provided, what is the best approach to assessing a patient's pain?
Which of the following factors may increase a person's pain tolerance?
Which of the following factors may increase a person's pain tolerance?
Which of the following best describes the subjective nature of pain?
Which of the following best describes the subjective nature of pain?
What is the primary function of pain as described in this context?
What is the primary function of pain as described in this context?
Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier to reporting pain effectively?
Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier to reporting pain effectively?
Superficial somatic pain is also referred to as:
Superficial somatic pain is also referred to as:
Which of these is typically associated with acute pain?
Which of these is typically associated with acute pain?
How does chronic pain typically differ from acute pain in terms of response to treatment?
How does chronic pain typically differ from acute pain in terms of response to treatment?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with patients experiencing chronic pain?
Which characteristic is commonly associated with patients experiencing chronic pain?
What is the term for pain that is perceived in a general area of the body, not necessarily at the site of the anatomical origin?
What is the term for pain that is perceived in a general area of the body, not necessarily at the site of the anatomical origin?
The transmission of pain involves several key steps. What is the initial stage called?
The transmission of pain involves several key steps. What is the initial stage called?
Which nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting acute sharp pain sensations?
Which nerve fibers are responsible for transmitting acute sharp pain sensations?
Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary functions like the body’s preparation for the 'fight-or-flight' response?
Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary functions like the body’s preparation for the 'fight-or-flight' response?
What is the role of the spinal cord in the context of pain transmission?
What is the role of the spinal cord in the context of pain transmission?
Which of the following theories suggests that pain results from the excessive stimulation of sensory receptors?
Which of the following theories suggests that pain results from the excessive stimulation of sensory receptors?
According to gate control theory, what role do larger, faster nerve fibers play in pain modulation?
According to gate control theory, what role do larger, faster nerve fibers play in pain modulation?
Which factor is NOT considered to have an affect on an individual's response to pain?
Which factor is NOT considered to have an affect on an individual's response to pain?
Which of the following is NOT considered a condition that opens the pain gate?
Which of the following is NOT considered a condition that opens the pain gate?
According to the provided information, what is the primary goal of a comprehensive pain assessment?
According to the provided information, what is the primary goal of a comprehensive pain assessment?
Which of the following best describes 'radiating' pain according to the PQRST format?
Which of the following best describes 'radiating' pain according to the PQRST format?
Which of the following pain assessment tools is BEST described as multidimensional, using descriptive words?
Which of the following pain assessment tools is BEST described as multidimensional, using descriptive words?
Which of the following is a primary goal of pain management?
Which of the following is a primary goal of pain management?
What is the primary role of adjuvant drugs in pain management?
What is the primary role of adjuvant drugs in pain management?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with opioid drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with opioid drugs?
In which scenario would the application of ice be MOST appropriate for pain management?
In which scenario would the application of ice be MOST appropriate for pain management?
Which of the following best describes the 'Quality' aspect of pain in the PQRST format?
Which of the following best describes the 'Quality' aspect of pain in the PQRST format?
A patient describes their pain as a ‘dull ache’ that is ‘deep and constant’. In the PQRST format, this information BEST relates to which category?
A patient describes their pain as a ‘dull ache’ that is ‘deep and constant’. In the PQRST format, this information BEST relates to which category?
Which of the following is considered an example of an Opioid Agonist-antagonist?
Which of the following is considered an example of an Opioid Agonist-antagonist?
Which of the following medications is classified as a non-opioid analgesic?
Which of the following medications is classified as a non-opioid analgesic?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of NSAIDs?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of NSAIDs?
Which statement best describes the use of heat therapy, according to the provided text?
Which statement best describes the use of heat therapy, according to the provided text?
What does 'PRN' mean in the context of medication administration for pain?
What does 'PRN' mean in the context of medication administration for pain?
What is a primary benefit of active modalities, such as therapeutic exercise, in patient care?
What is a primary benefit of active modalities, such as therapeutic exercise, in patient care?
The discipline of surgery is best described as:
The discipline of surgery is best described as:
What is the key characteristic of 'excision' as a surgical procedure?
What is the key characteristic of 'excision' as a surgical procedure?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'aseptic technique'?
Which of the following best describes the concept of 'aseptic technique'?
What is the purpose of 'palliation' in surgical interventions?
What is the purpose of 'palliation' in surgical interventions?
What does the term 'perioperative' encompass in the context of surgery?
What does the term 'perioperative' encompass in the context of surgery?
What is the primary role of an OR nurse?
What is the primary role of an OR nurse?
What does 'surgical conscience' primarily involve?
What does 'surgical conscience' primarily involve?
What does the term 'bacteriostasis' describe in relation to antiseptics?
What does the term 'bacteriostasis' describe in relation to antiseptics?
How long is a signed informed consent legally considered valid?
How long is a signed informed consent legally considered valid?
In medical terminology, what does the suffix '-ectomy' refer to?
In medical terminology, what does the suffix '-ectomy' refer to?
Which of the following is an example of a 'congenital' condition that might be treated by surgery?
Which of the following is an example of a 'congenital' condition that might be treated by surgery?
What is the defining characteristic of an 'urgent' surgical procedure?
What is the defining characteristic of an 'urgent' surgical procedure?
What does the surgical term 'rhaphy' describe?
What does the surgical term 'rhaphy' describe?
What is a primary objective of surgical intervention?
What is a primary objective of surgical intervention?
Which of the following is an example of moist heat therapy?
Which of the following is an example of moist heat therapy?
When should heat therapy be avoided?
When should heat therapy be avoided?
How does cold therapy help relieve pain?
How does cold therapy help relieve pain?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with cold therapy?
Which of the following is a potential risk associated with cold therapy?
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) primarily works by which mechanism?
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) primarily works by which mechanism?
Which of the following is a main characteristic of Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)?
Which of the following is a main characteristic of Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)?
What is the main goal of psychological pain control therapy?
What is the main goal of psychological pain control therapy?
Which of the following best describes Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in pain management?
Which of the following best describes Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in pain management?
Which technique involves the use of imagined pictures, sounds, or sensations for relaxation and pain reduction?
Which technique involves the use of imagined pictures, sounds, or sensations for relaxation and pain reduction?
What is a primary mechanism through which hypnosis might influence pain perception?
What is a primary mechanism through which hypnosis might influence pain perception?
What does biofeedback primarily provide to the patient in the treatment of pain?
What does biofeedback primarily provide to the patient in the treatment of pain?
Which of the following is a key way that prayer may promote healing?
Which of the following is a key way that prayer may promote healing?
What is one of the key aims of physical therapy in pain management?
What is one of the key aims of physical therapy in pain management?
Which of the following most accurately describes the main difference between dry and moist heat therapy?
Which of the following most accurately describes the main difference between dry and moist heat therapy?
Why is it recommended that a patient consult a doctor before using cold therapy if they have cardiovascular issues?
Why is it recommended that a patient consult a doctor before using cold therapy if they have cardiovascular issues?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulating nurse?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the circulating nurse?
A surgeon must possess the following characteristics EXCEPT:
A surgeon must possess the following characteristics EXCEPT:
What is the primary role of the scrub nurse during a surgical procedure?
What is the primary role of the scrub nurse during a surgical procedure?
Which of the following is a responsibility of the anesthesiologist during surgery?
Which of the following is a responsibility of the anesthesiologist during surgery?
According to the content, which professional in the operating room is responsible for maintaining a communication link between sterile and non-sterile team members?
According to the content, which professional in the operating room is responsible for maintaining a communication link between sterile and non-sterile team members?
If a clean instrument touches a sterile area, what should be done?
If a clean instrument touches a sterile area, what should be done?
The pre-operative assessment usually includes all of the following EXCEPT:
The pre-operative assessment usually includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Which of these is part of the informed consent process?
Which of these is part of the informed consent process?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of pre-operative nurse planning?
Which of the following is NOT a focus of pre-operative nurse planning?
What information is typically included in the transfer and endorsement process?
What information is typically included in the transfer and endorsement process?
Which team member is primarily responsible for maintaining the integrity of the sterile field?
Which team member is primarily responsible for maintaining the integrity of the sterile field?
Who is ultimately responsible for selecting and performing the surgical procedure?
Who is ultimately responsible for selecting and performing the surgical procedure?
What is the primary role of the first surgical assistant?
What is the primary role of the first surgical assistant?
Which of the following is least relevant to consider for dietary restrictions during pre-op planning?
Which of the following is least relevant to consider for dietary restrictions during pre-op planning?
Which of the following is a key aspect of post-operative patient education?
Which of the following is a key aspect of post-operative patient education?
What is the primary reason for thoroughly drying hands and arms before donning a sterile gown?
What is the primary reason for thoroughly drying hands and arms before donning a sterile gown?
When putting on the sterile gown, what should the scrub nurse avoid touching with their bare hands?
When putting on the sterile gown, what should the scrub nurse avoid touching with their bare hands?
What is the correct method for putting on the sterile gown?
What is the correct method for putting on the sterile gown?
How should the gown be secured after it is put on?
How should the gown be secured after it is put on?
What is the role of the Circulator during the gowning process?
What is the role of the Circulator during the gowning process?
What is a primary principle in designing an operating room?
What is a primary principle in designing an operating room?
Which of the following air quality control measures is NOT typically found in an operating room?
Which of the following air quality control measures is NOT typically found in an operating room?
What type of flooring is recommended for operating rooms?
What type of flooring is recommended for operating rooms?
In which area of the Operating Room Suite is it acceptable for personnel to wear street clothes?
In which area of the Operating Room Suite is it acceptable for personnel to wear street clothes?
What is a typical requirement for the size of an operating room to accommodate both elective and emergency cases?
What is a typical requirement for the size of an operating room to accommodate both elective and emergency cases?
Which type of OR design allows for a grouping or clustering of operating rooms?
Which type of OR design allows for a grouping or clustering of operating rooms?
What is the purpose of the vestibular/exchange area in the OR suite?
What is the purpose of the vestibular/exchange area in the OR suite?
What is a common feature of operating room lighting?
What is a common feature of operating room lighting?
What is the primary function of the sub sterile room within the operating room suite?
What is the primary function of the sub sterile room within the operating room suite?
Which table is specifically used for instruments that are in constant use during an operation?
Which table is specifically used for instruments that are in constant use during an operation?
What is recommended regarding doors in an operating room?
What is recommended regarding doors in an operating room?
What is the role of the anesthesia work and storage area in the OR suite?
What is the role of the anesthesia work and storage area in the OR suite?
What characteristic must the OR air supply system possess for optimal operation?
What characteristic must the OR air supply system possess for optimal operation?
What is the primary function of the defibrillator in a healthcare setting?
What is the primary function of the defibrillator in a healthcare setting?
What type of microbe are Rickettsiae classified as?
What type of microbe are Rickettsiae classified as?
Which condition is NOT conducive to bacterial growth?
Which condition is NOT conducive to bacterial growth?
What is the most common mode of transmission for infections in a healthcare setting?
What is the most common mode of transmission for infections in a healthcare setting?
Which of the following describes a nosocomial infection?
Which of the following describes a nosocomial infection?
What does the term 'asepsis' refer to?
What does the term 'asepsis' refer to?
Which of the following is a significant factor affecting the infection rate?
Which of the following is a significant factor affecting the infection rate?
What is considered a local sign of infection?
What is considered a local sign of infection?
Which structure acts as the body's first line of defense against infection?
Which structure acts as the body's first line of defense against infection?
Which type of microbe is known for being the smallest infectious agent that grows in living cells?
Which type of microbe is known for being the smallest infectious agent that grows in living cells?
Which items are considered sterile in a surgical setting?
Which items are considered sterile in a surgical setting?
Infection transmission by droplets involves which of the following?
Infection transmission by droplets involves which of the following?
What should be done if a sterile object is touched by anything unsterile?
What should be done if a sterile object is touched by anything unsterile?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can favor bacterial growth?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can favor bacterial growth?
Which method is NOT recommended for disinfection due to practical limitations?
Which method is NOT recommended for disinfection due to practical limitations?
Which practice is part of Standard Precaution?
Which practice is part of Standard Precaution?
What does the portal of exit refer to in the context of infection transmission?
What does the portal of exit refer to in the context of infection transmission?
What practice is essential in medical asepsis to maintain a clean environment?
What practice is essential in medical asepsis to maintain a clean environment?
What is the primary purpose of sterilization?
What is the primary purpose of sterilization?
What should be done if an object is out of sight or below the waist level of a nurse?
What should be done if an object is out of sight or below the waist level of a nurse?
Which agent is preferred for sterilization when steam sterilization is not possible?
Which agent is preferred for sterilization when steam sterilization is not possible?
After how many days should soaking solutions like glutaraldehyde be changed?
After how many days should soaking solutions like glutaraldehyde be changed?
What is a key consideration when packing items for sterilization?
What is a key consideration when packing items for sterilization?
When is flash sterilization appropriate?
When is flash sterilization appropriate?
Which personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for health care workers?
Which personal protective equipment (PPE) is critical for health care workers?
Which of the following is a physical method of disinfection?
Which of the following is a physical method of disinfection?
What is a key disadvantage of using steam under pressure for sterilization?
What is a key disadvantage of using steam under pressure for sterilization?
What is the primary purpose of wearing shoe covers in the OR suite?
What is the primary purpose of wearing shoe covers in the OR suite?
What type of mask is recommended for use in restricted areas?
What type of mask is recommended for use in restricted areas?
Why should masks not be lowered to hang loosely when not in use?
Why should masks not be lowered to hang loosely when not in use?
Which type of eye protection should be worn to protect against blood or body fluid splashes?
Which type of eye protection should be worn to protect against blood or body fluid splashes?
What should NOT be used on hands before donning latex gloves?
What should NOT be used on hands before donning latex gloves?
In what scenario should a sterile gown be changed during a procedure?
In what scenario should a sterile gown be changed during a procedure?
What is an important consideration when removing gloves?
What is an important consideration when removing gloves?
What are sterile gloves primarily used for?
What are sterile gloves primarily used for?
What is the main function of the surgical hand scrubbing process?
What is the main function of the surgical hand scrubbing process?
Which gown feature is recommended for a good barrier during surgery?
Which gown feature is recommended for a good barrier during surgery?
Why is double masking not recommended?
Why is double masking not recommended?
When handling contaminated materials, what type of gloves should be worn?
When handling contaminated materials, what type of gloves should be worn?
What is the purpose of a lead apron during procedures?
What is the purpose of a lead apron during procedures?
How should used masks be disposed of after removal?
How should used masks be disposed of after removal?
What is the primary goal of a surgical hand scrub?
What is the primary goal of a surgical hand scrub?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a scrub sink used in surgical hand scrubbing?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a scrub sink used in surgical hand scrubbing?
What is the function of antiseptic agents in surgical hand scrubbing?
What is the function of antiseptic agents in surgical hand scrubbing?
Which antiseptic agent provides sustained action and is effective for more than 6 hours?
Which antiseptic agent provides sustained action and is effective for more than 6 hours?
What should be done to fingernails before a surgical scrub?
What should be done to fingernails before a surgical scrub?
During the preparation for a surgical scrub, what should be checked for integrity?
During the preparation for a surgical scrub, what should be checked for integrity?
How long should the complete surgical scrub last approximately?
How long should the complete surgical scrub last approximately?
Which method of surgical scrubbing focuses on cleaning nails and fingers with specific stroke counts?
Which method of surgical scrubbing focuses on cleaning nails and fingers with specific stroke counts?
What action should be avoided during the surgical hand scrub to ensure cleanliness?
What action should be avoided during the surgical hand scrub to ensure cleanliness?
How should the sleeves of a scrub suit be adjusted prior to scrubbing?
How should the sleeves of a scrub suit be adjusted prior to scrubbing?
What should be done immediately after scrubbing hands and arms?
What should be done immediately after scrubbing hands and arms?
What is the ideal action regarding fingernail polish during the surgical scrub?
What is the ideal action regarding fingernail polish during the surgical scrub?
Which antiseptic is approved for use and is known for causing skin irritation?
Which antiseptic is approved for use and is known for causing skin irritation?
What type of brush is preferred for a surgical scrub to avoid skin abrasion?
What type of brush is preferred for a surgical scrub to avoid skin abrasion?
What type of action should follow after rinsing hands and arms thoroughly?
What type of action should follow after rinsing hands and arms thoroughly?
What is a key purpose of operating room attire?
What is a key purpose of operating room attire?
Why should operating room attire be designed for maximal skin coverage?
Why should operating room attire be designed for maximal skin coverage?
What is a crucial factor when selecting a method of sterilization or disinfection?
What is a crucial factor when selecting a method of sterilization or disinfection?
What type of materials are operating room attire generally made from?
What type of materials are operating room attire generally made from?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the materials used in operating room attire?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the materials used in operating room attire?
What should personnel do if they have an acute infection, such as a sore throat, before entering the operating room?
What should personnel do if they have an acute infection, such as a sore throat, before entering the operating room?
What is required for maintaining personal hygiene before entering the operating room?
What is required for maintaining personal hygiene before entering the operating room?
Which of the following is a component of operating room attire specifically for head protection?
Which of the following is a component of operating room attire specifically for head protection?
Under which condition can operating room attire be reused?
Under which condition can operating room attire be reused?
What should staff do if they need to reenter the operating room suite after leaving?
What should staff do if they need to reenter the operating room suite after leaving?
What is the ideal characteristic of shoes worn in the operating room?
What is the ideal characteristic of shoes worn in the operating room?
What is the effect of lint in the operating room?
What is the effect of lint in the operating room?
How should jewelry be managed before entering the operating room?
How should jewelry be managed before entering the operating room?
What is one reason that head coverings in the operating room should be disposable?
What is one reason that head coverings in the operating room should be disposable?
What type of surgical procedure allows the client to benefit but will not be harmed if the surgery is not performed?
What type of surgical procedure allows the client to benefit but will not be harmed if the surgery is not performed?
Which of the following is NOT a surgical risk factor that increases morbidity and mortality?
Which of the following is NOT a surgical risk factor that increases morbidity and mortality?
Which phase of perioperative care begins once the client is positioned on the operating table?
Which phase of perioperative care begins once the client is positioned on the operating table?
What is the primary purpose of the 'surgical conscience'?
What is the primary purpose of the 'surgical conscience'?
Which expected attribute of a perioperative nurse emphasizes being non-judgmental?
Which expected attribute of a perioperative nurse emphasizes being non-judgmental?
What is the main focus of perioperative nursing practice?
What is the main focus of perioperative nursing practice?
In the context of surgical procedures, what does the term 'major' refer to?
In the context of surgical procedures, what does the term 'major' refer to?
What is a key responsibility of a perioperative nurse?
What is a key responsibility of a perioperative nurse?
Which of the following aspects of surgical care focuses on creating a safe and supportive environment?
Which of the following aspects of surgical care focuses on creating a safe and supportive environment?
Which nursing philosophy emphasizes the holistic support of a patient's needs during surgery?
Which nursing philosophy emphasizes the holistic support of a patient's needs during surgery?
Which attribute of a perioperative nurse is most closely associated with effective communication?
Which attribute of a perioperative nurse is most closely associated with effective communication?
Which of the following best describes the role of legal liability in surgical nursing?
Which of the following best describes the role of legal liability in surgical nursing?
During which phase of perioperative care is the patient's evaluation completed?
During which phase of perioperative care is the patient's evaluation completed?
What is an example of an elective surgical procedure?
What is an example of an elective surgical procedure?
Flashcards
Pain threshold
Pain threshold
The point at which a person begins to feel pain.
Pain Tolerance
Pain Tolerance
The maximum amount of pain a person is willing to endure.
Pain Perception in Children and Elderly.
Pain Perception in Children and Elderly.
Pain perception changes with age, babies are less sensitive, while older adults may have a lower pain tolerance.
Factors that decrease pain tolerance
Factors that decrease pain tolerance
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Factors that increase pain tolerance
Factors that increase pain tolerance
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Pain and Aging
Pain and Aging
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Pain is Subjective
Pain is Subjective
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Untreated Pain Causes Other Problems
Untreated Pain Causes Other Problems
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What is pain?
What is pain?
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Is pain a disease?
Is pain a disease?
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Why is pain important?
Why is pain important?
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What is transduction in pain?
What is transduction in pain?
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What is transmission in pain?
What is transmission in pain?
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What is perception in pain?
What is perception in pain?
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What is modulation in pain?
What is modulation in pain?
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What is nociceptive pain?
What is nociceptive pain?
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What is somatic pain?
What is somatic pain?
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What is visceral pain?
What is visceral pain?
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What is neuropathic pain?
What is neuropathic pain?
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What is psychogenic pain?
What is psychogenic pain?
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What is acute pain?
What is acute pain?
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What is chronic pain?
What is chronic pain?
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What is referred pain?
What is referred pain?
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What are conditions that open the 'pain gate'?
What are conditions that open the 'pain gate'?
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What are conditions that close the 'pain gate'?
What are conditions that close the 'pain gate'?
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What is a comprehensive pain assessment?
What is a comprehensive pain assessment?
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What is the McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire?
What is the McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire?
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What is the 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale?
What is the 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale?
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What is the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale?
What is the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale?
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What is the primary goal of pain management?
What is the primary goal of pain management?
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What is 'blocking brain perception' as a pain management technique?
What is 'blocking brain perception' as a pain management technique?
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What is 'interrupting pain transmitting chemicals' as a pain management technique?
What is 'interrupting pain transmitting chemicals' as a pain management technique?
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What is 'combining analgesics with adjuvant drugs' as a pain management technique?
What is 'combining analgesics with adjuvant drugs' as a pain management technique?
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What is 'using gate-closing mechanisms' as a pain management technique?
What is 'using gate-closing mechanisms' as a pain management technique?
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What is 'altering pain transmission at the spinal cord' as a pain management technique?
What is 'altering pain transmission at the spinal cord' as a pain management technique?
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What are adjuvant analgesics?
What are adjuvant analgesics?
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What are non-opioid analgesics?
What are non-opioid analgesics?
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What are opioid analgesics?
What are opioid analgesics?
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What is heat therapy?
What is heat therapy?
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What are types of heat therapy?
What are types of heat therapy?
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When should you NOT use heat therapy?
When should you NOT use heat therapy?
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What are precautions for using heat therapy?
What are precautions for using heat therapy?
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What is cold therapy?
What is cold therapy?
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What are ways to apply cold therapy?
What are ways to apply cold therapy?
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When should you NOT use cold therapy?
When should you NOT use cold therapy?
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What are precautions for using cold therapy?
What are precautions for using cold therapy?
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What is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)?
What is Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)?
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What is Acupuncture?
What is Acupuncture?
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What is Acupressure?
What is Acupressure?
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What is Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)?
What is Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)?
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What is Mind/Body Therapy?
What is Mind/Body Therapy?
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What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
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What is Imagery?
What is Imagery?
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Planned or Required Surgery
Planned or Required Surgery
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Elective Surgery
Elective Surgery
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Optional Surgery
Optional Surgery
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External Surgery
External Surgery
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Internal Surgery
Internal Surgery
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Major Surgery
Major Surgery
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Minor Surgery
Minor Surgery
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Perioperative Nursing
Perioperative Nursing
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Surgical Golden Rule
Surgical Golden Rule
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Philosophy of Operating Room Nursing
Philosophy of Operating Room Nursing
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Perioperative Nurse
Perioperative Nurse
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Preoperative Phase
Preoperative Phase
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Intraoperative Phase
Intraoperative Phase
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Postoperative Phase
Postoperative Phase
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Surgical Intervention
Surgical Intervention
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Operating room / operating theater
Operating room / operating theater
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Perioperative
Perioperative
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OR nurse
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Study Notes
Pain Management
- Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience related to actual or potential tissue damage.
- Pain perception is the conscious experience of discomfort.
- Infants are less sensitive to pain than adults. Full behavioral response to pain is apparent at 3-12 months.
- Pain threshold is the level at which a person experiences pain. Pain tolerance is the maximum pain intensity a person can endure.
- Pain tolerance varies among people and can change over time. It tends to decrease in the elderly. Women appear more tolerant than men.
- Repeated pain exposure, fatigue, anger, boredom, anxiety, and sleep deprivation decrease pain tolerance. Alcohol consumption, medication, hypnosis, warmth, and distracting activities increase pain tolerance.
Misconceptions About Pain
- Only the patient knows the level and distress of their pain. Pain management should be collaborative.
- Pain is not inherent to aging unless caused by a medical condition.
- Sleep does not mean the absence of pain. Sleep can be an avoidance mechanism for pain.
- Pain is a symptom, not a disease. Unrelieved pain can lead to anger, anxiety, immobility, and delayed healing.
- Every pain has a cause but may be obscure.
- Age does not determine pain levels but can affect expression of pain.
Characteristics of Pain
- Pain is subjective and personal. Physiologic pain can sometimes overlap with emotional hurt.
- Pain is a symptom, not a disease. Each person experiences pain uniquely.
- Pain is a valuable diagnostic sign, usually indicating tissue damage or pathology. Pain is usually reported as severe discomfort or uncomfortable sensation.
Components of Pain
- Stimuli, perception, response, intensity, threshold, and tolerance are components of pain.
Barriers to Pain Management
- Reluctance to report pain due to low expectation of relief.
- Lack of insurance and high cost of medication.
- The belief that pain is a sign of weakness.
- Fear of medication side effects.
- Poor communication between clinicians and patients.
Types of Pain
By Source
-
Nociceptive Pain: Originates from tissue damage.
- Somatic Pain: (superficial and deep)
- Cutaneous Pain: Superficial, often sharp.
- Deep Somatic Pain: Originates from muscles, bones, joints.
- Visceral Pain: Originates from internal organs.
- Somatic Pain: (superficial and deep)
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Neuropathic Pain: Damages or dysfunction of the nerves.
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Psychogenic Pain: Psychological factors are the main cause.
By Characteristics (Onset, Intensity, Duration)
- Acute Pain: Short-duration pain (less than 6 months). Symptoms include sharpness, stabbing, and shooting sensations, and physical responses such as increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure; pallor or flushing, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, increased blood sugar and decreased blood flow to organs.
- Chronic Pain: Lasting 6 months or more.
- Chronic Nonmalignant Pain: Low back pain, rheumatoid arthritis.
- Chronic Intermittent Pain: Migraine, headaches.
- Chronic Malignant Pain: Cancer related.
Transmission of Pain
- This is a process with four distinct stages: transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation.
Factors Affecting Response to Pain
- Physiological factors (age, genetics)
- Affective factors (mood, fear)
- Psychosocial factors (family beliefs, culture)
- Cognitive factors (past experience, expectations)
Pain Control Theories
- Intensity Theory: Pain is linked to excessive sensory receptor stimulation.
- Pattern Theory: Pain and non-pain sensations follow common pathways to specific brain regions.
- Specificity Theory: Pain, touch, warmth, and cold are distinct sensations with direct links to stimuli.
- Gate Control Theory: Explains how pain transmission through the spinal cord can be modulated by impulses from touch & pain fibers.
Pain Assessment
- Effective pain management begins with comprehensive assessment. This includes a detailed description of pain, determining if it fits known syndromes, examining for structural diseases, understanding mechanisms behind pain, examining the effects of pain on function, and identifying co-existing medical or psychiatric issues to treat simultaneously.
Pain Assessment Tools
- McGill Melzack Pain Questionnaire
- Simple Descriptive Pain Intensity Scale
- 0-10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale
- Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale
Pain Management Methods
- Pharmacological Interventions:
- Adjuvant Drug Therapy: Drugs not primarily used for pain but can have analgesic effects. (e.g., antidepressants, anticonvulsants, local anesthetics, GABA agonists, NMDA antagonists, corticosteroids)
- Non-opioid Analgesics: (e.g., acetaminophen, NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen))
- Opioid Analgesics: Most effective analgesics. (e.g, morphine, oxycodone)
- Non-drug Interventions:
- Heat and Cold Therapy:
- Heat: Improves circulation, reduces muscle pain. Avoid on bruises, swelling, open wounds, or those with specific conditions.
- Cold: Reduces blood flow to reduce inflammation and swelling. Avoid on stiff muscles, poor circulation, or certain sensory disorders.
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Electrical stimulation to relieve pain.
- Acupuncture: Traditional technique thought to release endorphins and reduce anxiety.
- Acupressure: Similar to acupuncture but uses pressure instead of needles.
- Mind/Body Therapy: Addresses the psychological aspects of pain.
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps patients adjust perspective on pain.
- Imagery: Relaxation techniques to alter perceptions of pain.
- Relaxation Techniques (systematic relaxation): Reduces muscle tension and stress.
- Biofeedback: Provides feedback on bodily responses to pain.
- Hypnosis: Relaxation, suggestion, distraction to alter perceptions of pain.
- Prayer/Spiritual Support.
- Physical Therapy: Improves function and comfort, including exercise, range of motion, strength.
- Heat and Cold Therapy:
Surgery
- Definition: Operative procedures for illnesses or injuries.
- Objectives: Correct defects, repair injuries, diagnose, cure, relieve suffering, and prolong life.
- Categories of procedures: Invasive, minimally invasive, non-invasive.
- Classifications by Purpose: Diagnostic, restorative, palliative, cosmetic.
Legal Liability and Ethical Issues
- Safeguard patients during surgery, protect surgical personnel, and maintain quality assurance.
Perioperative Nursing
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Definition: The care of surgical patients throughout the pre, intra, and post-operative phases.
-
Key elements: Caring, conscience, technique, discipline.
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Goals: Safe, supportive, comprehensive care, surgical teammates, to enable the patient to return to ideal physical and mental state as soon as possible
Surgical Team
- Surgeon: Performs procedure.
- Surgical Assistants: Assist the surgeon.
- Scrub Nurse: Maintains sterile field, manages instruments.
- Circulating Nurse: Coordinates care, maintains environment.
- Anesthesiologist: Administers anesthesia.
- Nurse Anesthetist: Administer anesthetics.
Perioperative Environment
- Physical Facilities: Location, ventilation, lighting, doors, floor, sterilization protocols.
Operating Room Attire
- Purpose is to prevent contamination. Protects personnel and patients from infectious and hazardous materials.
- Essential Criteria for attire include barrier properties, fabric characteristics, and comfort. Strict dress code should be strictly enforced (street clothes not allowed beyond unrestricted/unsterile area).
Surgical Hand Scrubbing
- Procedure removes microorganisms before surgery by mechanical and chemical means. A sterile gown is donned after the scrub, and sterile gloves are put on afterward.
- Key materials include scrub sinks, brush, and antiseptic agents (chlorhexidine gluconate, iodophors, alcohol).
Infection Control
- Definition: Practices to prevent infection transmission and promote health.
- Chain of Infection: Causative agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.
- Infection Types: Community-acquired, hospital-acquired (nosocomial), cross-infection
- Methods of Sterilization/Disinfection: Physical (steam under pressure, radiation); Chemical (soaking in glutaraldehyde). Correct use of disinfectants/sterilizers is important.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the definition of pain, behavioral responses in infants, pain tolerance, and misconceptions about aging. This quiz covers key concepts of pain assessment and the subjective nature of pain as defined by the American Pain Society.
