Paediatric Cardiology and Gastro

An opening between the ventricles that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood.

An opening between the atria that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the right atrium, causing oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood.

A persistent connection between the pulmonary trunk and the descending aorta that allows oxygenated blood from the aorta to flow back into the pulmonary circulation.

A narrowing of the aorta that restricts blood flow to the lower body.

A condition where the pulmonary valve is narrowed, obstructing blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

A condition where the blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery is obstructed due to narrowing of the outflow tract from the right ventricle, and oxygenated blood from the aorta mixes with deoxygenated blood in the ventricle.

A condition where the aorta is positioned in front of the pulmonary artery, causing deoxygenated blood to be pumped to the body.

A condition where the tricuspid valve is absent or underdeveloped, resulting in blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle being restricted.

A condition in children where the aortic valve narrows, causing a heart murmur and potentially requiring balloon valvuloplasty if the pressure gradient exceeds 60 mmHg.

A common cause of secondary hypertension in children, often resulting from kidney problems.

Severe constipation in infants, often starting within a few weeks of birth. If it persists beyond 4.5 months, an X-ray is recommended over an ultrasound.

A clinical test that examines the hip joint for a specific type of dislocation. When the hip is dislocated, the head of the femur pops back into place with a 'click'.

A disorder causing muscle weakness and floppiness in infants, often associated with encephalopathy (brain dysfunction) in newborns. This can be a precursor to cerebral palsy.

A type of arthritis that affects children with a fever of 38.5°C or higher, pain, and difficulty bearing weight. It is also characterized by elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cell count (WCC).

A disorder affecting the hip joint in adolescents, typically obese, causing pain in the hip, groin, thigh, and knee. It often presents with decreased internal rotation of the hip while flexing.

A common childhood condition characterized by a sudden onset of hip pain following a recent viral infection, usually in children aged 3-8 years. It often resolves on its own.

A serious childhood illness characterized by high fever for more than 5 days, resistant to antipyretics, accompanied by symptoms like a strawberry tongue, cracked lips, and cervical lymph node swelling. It often also involves conjunctivitis and red palms and soles that subsequently peel.

A common condition in infants, often associated with prematurity, Down syndrome, or certain genetic disorders. It is a bulge at the belly button that protrudes when the baby cries or coughs.

A condition characterized by precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (bone abnormalities), and short stature. It is caused by a random mutation.

A condition where the muscles of the pylorus (the lower part of the stomach) are thickened, blocking food from passing into the small intestine. This usually occurs in the first few weeks of life.

A serious condition caused by shaking a baby forcefully. It can lead to retinal hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and brain damage.

The leading cause of death in infants under one year of age. It is a sudden, unexplained death with no obvious cause.

An infection of the urinary tract in children. In children over 6 months old, imaging is generally not needed unless other signs and symptoms are present, such as a seriously ill child, poor urine flow, abdominal or bladder mass, high creatinine levels, lack of improvement with antibiotics after 48 hours, or infection with bacteria other than E. coli.

A condition that causes microcephaly, a smaller than normal head circumference. It's usually diagnosed by 6 months of age.

A common childhood condition affecting the skin, characterized by large, light brown spots called cafe-au-lait spots.

A condition that causes excessive snoring. It can be caused by issues such as hypothyroidism, Down syndrome, recurrent tonsillitis, nasal polyps, deviated septum, or hypertrophic nasal turbinates.

A condition where the infant is born with jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). There are different types of jaundice based on the age of onset, ranging from physiological jaundice (common in breastfed infants) to more serious conditions like biliary atresia.

A common condition in children, often associated with lifestyle factors and other health issues.