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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an allotropic form of carbon?
Which of the following is an allotropic form of carbon?
- Quartz
- Sodium
- Borosilicate
- Graphite (correct)
The oxidation state of a p-block element increases towards the left of the periodic table.
The oxidation state of a p-block element increases towards the left of the periodic table.
False (B)
What are the important groups in the periodic table discussed in the content?
What are the important groups in the periodic table discussed in the content?
Group 13 and Group 14
The maximum oxidation state shown by a p-block element is equal to the total number of _________.
The maximum oxidation state shown by a p-block element is equal to the total number of _________.
Match the following elements with their family:
Match the following elements with their family:
Which property varies greatly among elements in a p-block?
Which property varies greatly among elements in a p-block?
Lighter elements in the boron and carbon families have the group oxidation state as their most stable state.
Lighter elements in the boron and carbon families have the group oxidation state as their most stable state.
What is likely to differ in the inner core of elements, influencing their properties?
What is likely to differ in the inner core of elements, influencing their properties?
What effect is attributed to the stability of oxidation states that are two units less than the group oxidation states?
What effect is attributed to the stability of oxidation states that are two units less than the group oxidation states?
All members of the p-block have the same oxidation states.
All members of the p-block have the same oxidation states.
What is the general electronic configuration of group 14 elements in the p-block?
What is the general electronic configuration of group 14 elements in the p-block?
The oxidation state of group 15 elements can be _____, +5, and -3.
The oxidation state of group 15 elements can be _____, +5, and -3.
Match the group with its corresponding highest oxidation state:
Match the group with its corresponding highest oxidation state:
Which of the following is NOT a typical oxidation state for group 16 elements?
Which of the following is NOT a typical oxidation state for group 16 elements?
Heavier elements in a group tend to have more stable oxidation states that are two units less than their group oxidation states.
Heavier elements in a group tend to have more stable oxidation states that are two units less than their group oxidation states.
Identify the first member of group 17 in the p-block.
Identify the first member of group 17 in the p-block.
What is the trend of non-metallic character in p-block elements as you move down a group?
What is the trend of non-metallic character in p-block elements as you move down a group?
The heaviest element in each p-block group is typically the most metallic in nature.
The heaviest element in each p-block group is typically the most metallic in nature.
What defines the transition from non-metallic to metallic character in p-block elements?
What defines the transition from non-metallic to metallic character in p-block elements?
In contrast to metals, non-metals readily form __________.
In contrast to metals, non-metals readily form __________.
Match the following elements with their block in the periodic table:
Match the following elements with their block in the periodic table:
Which elements in p-block typically have a maximum covalence of four?
Which elements in p-block typically have a maximum covalence of four?
Non-metals generally exhibit lower ionisation enthalpies compared to metals.
Non-metals generally exhibit lower ionisation enthalpies compared to metals.
What electronic configuration do third period p-group elements typically have?
What electronic configuration do third period p-group elements typically have?
What type of bonds are formed primarily between non-metals themselves?
What type of bonds are formed primarily between non-metals themselves?
Non-metal oxides are generally acidic or basic in nature.
Non-metal oxides are generally acidic or basic in nature.
What is the character of compounds formed by highly reactive non-metals with highly reactive metals?
What is the character of compounds formed by highly reactive non-metals with highly reactive metals?
The presence of _____ influences the ability of heavier non-metals to form π bonds.
The presence of _____ influences the ability of heavier non-metals to form π bonds.
Which of the following ions can aluminium form?
Which of the following ions can aluminium form?
The first member of a periodic group has the same ability to form π bonds as its heavier members.
The first member of a periodic group has the same ability to form π bonds as its heavier members.
What is the primary effect of size and the availability of d orbitals on heavier non-metals?
What is the primary effect of size and the availability of d orbitals on heavier non-metals?
Match the following ions with their corresponding metals or non-metals:
Match the following ions with their corresponding metals or non-metals:
What type of orbitals do heavier p-block elements use to form π bonds?
What type of orbitals do heavier p-block elements use to form π bonds?
Heavier p-block elements have a simpler electronic structure compared to lighter ones.
Heavier p-block elements have a simpler electronic structure compared to lighter ones.
In which oxidation state does nitrogen form the oxoanion NO3?
In which oxidation state does nitrogen form the oxoanion NO3?
The electronic configuration of gallium includes _____ d-electrons.
The electronic configuration of gallium includes _____ d-electrons.
Match the elements with their corresponding characteristics.
Match the elements with their corresponding characteristics.
Which of the following oxoanions involves a coordination number of four?
Which of the following oxoanions involves a coordination number of four?
The dπ–pπ bonding contributes significantly to the stability of heavier p-block molecules.
The dπ–pπ bonding contributes significantly to the stability of heavier p-block molecules.
What is the π bond involving in the oxoanion PO4^3-?
What is the π bond involving in the oxoanion PO4^3-?
What primarily makes carbon monoxide (CO) poisonous?
What primarily makes carbon monoxide (CO) poisonous?
Boric acid does not dissolve in water.
Boric acid does not dissolve in water.
What happens when aluminium is treated with dilute NaOH?
What happens when aluminium is treated with dilute NaOH?
Aluminium alloys are commonly used to make _______ body.
Aluminium alloys are commonly used to make _______ body.
Match the following reactions with their outcomes:
Match the following reactions with their outcomes:
Which of the following statements about allotropes is true?
Which of the following statements about allotropes is true?
Thallium exhibits similarities to both aluminium and group I metals.
Thallium exhibits similarities to both aluminium and group I metals.
The ionization enthalpy decreases dramatically from ______ to silicon.
The ionization enthalpy decreases dramatically from ______ to silicon.
Flashcards
Allotropic forms of carbon
Allotropic forms of carbon
Different structural forms of carbon, each with unique properties.
Inner core electronic configuration
Inner core electronic configuration
The arrangement of electrons within the inner energy levels.
Physical properties
Physical properties
Characteristics like atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, etc.
Chemical properties
Chemical properties
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Group oxidation states
Group oxidation states
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Boron, Carbon, and Silicon compounds
Boron, Carbon, and Silicon compounds
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Group 13 and 14 elements
Group 13 and 14 elements
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P-block elements
P-block elements
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Inert Pair Effect
Inert Pair Effect
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p-Block Elements
p-Block Elements
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Group Oxidation State
Group Oxidation State
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Oxidation State
Oxidation State
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Heavier Elements
Heavier Elements
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First Member of a Group
First Member of a Group
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Lower Oxidation State
Lower Oxidation State
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Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds
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Covalent Compounds
Covalent Compounds
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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
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pπ - pπ multiple bonds
pπ - pπ multiple bonds
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d-orbitals and Covalence
d-orbitals and Covalence
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Oxides and Character
Oxides and Character
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p-block elements
p-block elements
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non-metallic character
non-metallic character
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metallic character of elements
metallic character of elements
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ionisation enthalpy
ionisation enthalpy
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electronegativity
electronegativity
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valence shell
valence shell
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d-orbitals
d-orbitals
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cation
cation
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anion
anion
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pπ - pπ bonding
pπ - pπ bonding
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dπ - pπ or dπ - dπ bonding
dπ - pπ or dπ - dπ bonding
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Coordination number in heavier elements
Coordination number in heavier elements
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Oxidation state +5
Oxidation state +5
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NO3^-
NO3^-
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PO4^3-
PO4^3-
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Electronic configuration complexity
Electronic configuration complexity
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CO Poisoning Reason
CO Poisoning Reason
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CO2 and Global Warming
CO2 and Global Warming
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Diborane Structure
Diborane Structure
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Boric Acid in Water
Boric Acid in Water
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Heating Borax
Heating Borax
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Aluminum and Dilute NaOH
Aluminum and Dilute NaOH
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BF3 and Ammonia Reaction
BF3 and Ammonia Reaction
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Silicon with Methyl Chloride
Silicon with Methyl Chloride
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Silicon Dioxide and Hydrogen Fluoride
Silicon Dioxide and Hydrogen Fluoride
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Study Notes
P-Block Elements
-
Objectives:
- Appreciate general trends in p-block element chemistry
- Describe trends in physical and chemical properties of groups 13 & 14 elements.
- Explain anomalous behavior of boron and carbon.
- Describe allotropic forms of carbon.
- Understand the chemistry of important boron, carbon, and silicon compounds.
- List important uses of group 13 & 14 elements and their compounds.
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Variation in Properties:
- The variation in p-block element properties is due to the influence of d and f electrons in the heavier elements.
-
Electronic Configuration:
- The last electron in p-block elements enters a p orbital.
- The maximum number of electrons accommodated in a set of p orbitals is six.
- There are six groups of p-block elements (13-18) with valence shell electronic configuration ns(2)np(1-6) (except He).
- Inner core electronic configuration influences physical properties (atomic/ionic radii, ionization enthalpy).
-
Oxidation States:
- Maximum oxidation state of a p-block element equals its total valence electrons
- Oxidation states two less than the group oxidation state are more stable for heavier elements.
- Inert pair effect explains the occurrence of those lower oxidation states.
-
Periodic Trends:
- Nonmetallic character decreases down a group in p-block.
- Heavier elements in each group are more metallic.
- Nonmetals have higher ionization enthalpies and electronegativities.
- Nonmetals form anions, metals form cations.
- Compounds between nonmetals are largely covalent.
- Nonmetal oxides are acidic or neutral; metal oxides are basic.
-
First Member Anomalies:
- The first member of each p-block group differs from heavier members due to smaller size, higher electronegativity, higher ionization enthalpy, and unavailability of d orbitals.
- Limited covalence, ability to form π bonds (d–p or d–d).
- First members have coordination number that is greater than the heavier member.
-
Group 13 (Boron Family):
- Boron is a typical nonmetal.
- Aluminium is a metal with boron-like chemistry.
- Gallium, indium, and thallium are metals.
- Boron, aluminium forms trihalides.
- Boron trihalide is a Lewis acid.
- Aluminium trihalide undergoes dimerization.
-
Group 14 (Carbon Family):
- Carbon is a nonmetal and widely distributed.
- Silicon, germanium, tin, and lead are increasingly metallic down the group.
- Carbon has oxidation states of +2 and +4.
- Compounds are mostly covalent.
- Carbon has allotropes: diamond, graphite, fullerenes.
- Silicon forms SiOâ‚‚, a network solid.
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Important Compounds:
- Many compounds like borax, orthoboric acid, diborane, silicon dioxide (silica), and various oxides/chlorides of carbon are important in various applications.
- Compounds are widely used in ceramics, glass, industrial catalysts, and many other applications.
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Allotropes of Carbon:
- Diamond: Hard, high melting point, tetrahedral structure of carbon atoms.
- Graphite: Soft, layered structure, conducts electricity, weaker bonds between layers.
- Fullerenes: Spherical cage-like structures, sp² hybridized carbon atoms.
-
Uses of Boron and Aluminum:
- Boron: Fibers in high-strength composites, nuclear applications
- Aluminium: Extensive use in industry due to its low density and high conductivity (alloys).
- Used in packing, utensils, construction and various other applications.
-
Reactivity Trends:
- Reactivity of p-block metals towards air, acids, bases and halogens demonstrates trends varying across groups, in particular for first members.
- Heavier members tend to be more metallic.
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