Oxygen Therapy and ABG Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for PaO2 in mmHg?

  • 70 to 90
  • 90 to 110
  • 80 to 100 (correct)
  • 60 to 80

    • Oxygen therapy is warranted when PaO2 is greater than 60 mmHg.

    False (B)

    List two indications for oxygen therapy.

    Severe trauma, acute myocardial infarction

    The clinical assessment finding of _____ indicates severe CNS distress.

    <p>the desire to sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the clinical assessment findings with their severity:

    <p>Restlessness = Mild Bradycardia = Severe Tachycardia = Moderate Cyanosis = Severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method to monitor hypoxemia?

    <p>Blood Pressure Measurement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal SpO2 levels are considered to be between 80% and 90%.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ABG stand for and why is it used?

    <p>Arterial Blood Gas, used to measure oxygenation and pH levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a high-flow oxygen delivery system?

    <p>Gas flow is fixed and meets patient needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nasal catheter is commonly used for oxygen delivery due to its comfort and low irritation.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical FiO2 range for a simple mask?

    <p>40-60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, fresh O2 enters the bag in a ______ mask.

    <p>partial rebreathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the oxygen delivery device with its characteristics:

    <p>Nasal Cannula = FiO2 24-40%, flow 8L/min (adult) Simple Mask = FiO2 40-60%, flow 5-10L/min Partial Rebreathing Mask = FiO2 60-80%, flow 8-10L/min Transtracheal Catheter = FiO2 22-35%, flow 4L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some merits of using reservoir systems?

    <p>Cost-effective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical FiO2 range for a non-rebreathing mask?

    <p>80-100% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FiO2 will increase by 4% for every litre of flow added to a nasal cannula.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A tracheostomy mask is used primarily for delivering high concentrations of oxygen.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant drawback of using a simple mask?

    <p>Risk of aspiration when unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does the high flow device operate on?

    <p>Bernoulli's principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The FiO2 range for an oxygen hood is _____ to 100%.

    <p>21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following devices with their characteristics:

    <p>Oxygen Tent = FiO2: 40-50%, covers entire body, difficult to use Oxygen Hood = FiO2: 21-100%, covers only the head Incubator = FiO2: 40-50%, variable performance, keeps body warm Venturi Mask = FiO2: 0.24 - 0.68, fixed orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the indications for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy?

    <p>Bubble reduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incubators have a fixed performance in terms of FiO2 delivery.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pressure condition is required for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy?

    <p>Greater than 1 atm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    What is the normal range for PaO2?

    Normal PaO2 levels range from 80 to 100 mmHg.

    What is the normal range for SaO2?

    Normal SaO2 levels range from 90 to 100%.

    When is oxygen therapy indicated?

    Oxygen therapy is indicated when PaO2 is below 60 mmHg or SaO2 is below 90%.

    What does ABG analysis measure?

    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis is a blood test that measures PaO2, pH, and PCO2 to assess blood gas levels.

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    How is oxygen saturation (SpO2) measured non-invasively?

    Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method of measuring oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the blood using a sensor placed on the finger.

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    What are some clinical findings of hypoxemia?

    Clinical assessment of hypoxemia involves observing physical signs and symptoms, such as restlessness, disorientation, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, and changes in mental status.

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    How is hypoxemia monitored?

    Hypoxemia can be monitored through pulse oximetry, ABG analysis, and physical examination.

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    What are some indications for oxygen therapy?

    Severe trauma, acute myocardial infarction, and short-term therapy after anesthesia are common indications for oxygen therapy.

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    High-flow oxygen system

    A type of oxygen delivery system that uses a fixed gas flow to meet the patient's oxygen needs, regardless of their breathing pattern.

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    Low-flow oxygen system

    A type of oxygen delivery system that uses variable gas flow and depends on the patient's inspiratory effort to determine the amount of oxygen delivered.

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    Reservoir oxygen system

    A type of oxygen delivery system that uses a reservoir to store oxygen, allowing the patient to receive a tidal volume equal to or exceeding their own.

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    FiO2

    The fraction of inspired oxygen, which is the percentage of oxygen in the air the patient breathes.

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    Oxygen Flow

    The amount of gas delivered per unit of time, measured in liters per minute (L/min).

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    Nasal Cannula

    A device that delivers oxygen through the nose, consisting of two prongs and tubing, commonly used for mild to moderate hypoxia.

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    Simple Mask

    A device that delivers oxygen through a simple mask placed over the nose and mouth.

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    Partial Rebreathing Mask

    A device that delivers oxygen through a mask with a reservoir bag, allowing for higher FiO2 and a greater tidal volume.

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    Non-rebreathing Mask

    A type of oxygen delivery device that provides high concentrations of oxygen (FiO2 80-100%) through a tight-fitting mask. It has one-way valves for inhalation and exhalation, preventing rebreathing of expired air.

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    Tracheostomy Mask

    A device that delivers humidified oxygen directly to a patient's airway through a tube that is connected to a tracheostomy. It can be used to deliver a variety of oxygen concentrations.

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    Venturi Mask

    A device that uses the Bernoulli principle to create a negative pressure zone, drawing in air to mix with oxygen and deliver a specific FiO2 (24% - 68%)

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    Air Entrainment Nebulizer

    A device that uses the Bernoulli principle to mix air and oxygen, providing humidification and the ability to deliver medications. It provides a range of FiO2 (28 - 100%)

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    Oxygen Tent

    An enclosed environment used to deliver oxygen therapy to infants. It covers the entire body and allows for controlled oxygen concentration (FiO2 40-50%). It faces issues with rebreathing, leakage, and difficulty of use.

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    Oxygen Hood

    An enclosed head covering used to deliver oxygen therapy to infants. It provides a controlled oxygen concentration (FiO2 21-100%) and offers more effective oxygen delivery compared to an oxygen tent.

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    Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO)

    A therapy that involves breathing 100% oxygen in a pressurized environment exceeding 1 atm (760 mmHg at sea level). It has multiple applications in various medical conditions.

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    Bubble Reduction (HBO indication)

    One of the primary indications for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO) is the reduction of nitrogen bubbles that can form in the blood during decompression sickness. The increased oxygen pressure helps dissolve the bubbles.

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    Study Notes

    Oxygen Therapy

    • Normal O2 levels are 80 to 100mmHg
    • PaO2 less than 60mmHg requires oxygen therapy
    • SaO2 less than 90% normally at room temperature requires oxygen therapy
    • If saturation is below 90% or PaO2 decreases, oxygen therapy may be needed
    • Indications for oxygen therapy include severe trauma, acute myocardial infarction, and short-term post-anesthesia therapy

    Assessment of Hypoxia

    • Monitoring ABG shows PaO2, SpO2
    • Assess clinical findings
    • Mild to moderate CNS: restlessness, disorientation, headache
    • Mild cardiac: tachycardia, mild hypertension, vasoconstriction of peripheries
    • Respiratory: dyspnea, tachypnea, shallow/laboured breathing
    • Skin: pallor, cold skin
    • Severe CNS: desire to sleep, loss of coordination, impaired judgment
    • Severe cardiac: bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmia
    • Severe respiratory: increasingly dyspnea, tachypnea, possible bradypnea
    • Skin: cyanosis

    Monitoring Hypoxia

    • Physical examination for clinical findings
    • Pulse oximetry
    • ABG analysis
    • pH
    • PaO2
    • Minted venous blood oxygenation

    Oxygen Delivery Systems

    • Low-flow systems (variable performance device): oxygen does not fully meet the patient's breathing demands, especially peak inspiratory flow or their minute ventilation; examples- nasal cannula, face mask
    • Reservoir systems (variable performance device): store O2 that provides oxygen equal to or more than the patient's tidal volume. Examples Reservoir Masks.
    • High-flow systems (fixed performance device): meet the patient’s needs regardless of breathing pattern. Examples: venturi mask.
    • Enclosures: used for infants

    Low-flow Devices

    • Nasal Cannula: FiO2 24-40%, Flow 8L/min (Adult), 21/min (Child). Consits of two prongs. These are inserted into the nostrils
    • Nasal Catheter: used to fill up dead space with O2, very irritating and uncomfortable
    • Transtracheal catheter: FiO2 22-35%, flow 4 L/min. Inserted below the second and third tracheal rings.

    Nasal/Pendant Systems

    • Merits: Lower cost, increased mobility, can be easily transported, and less discomfort because of lower flow.
    • Demerits: Unattractive, difficult to use, poor compliance, must be replaced regularly, and affects breathing pattern.

    Masks

    • Reservoir Masks: simple, face masks that store 100-200mL of oxygen; variable performance that varies input flow with oxygen.
    • How's the oxygen flow related to patten of breathing? Minimum flow should be 5-10 L/min to prevent rebreathing CO2. FiO2 of 40% to 60% .

    Partial Rebreathing Mask

    • FiO2 60-80%, Flow must be 8 to 10L/min to ensure the bag remains inflated.
    • No valves are open during inhalation; fresh O2 is going inside, but during exhalation, some CO2 enters into the bag, which is rebreathed.
    • Non-rebreathing mask: FiO2 80-100%, store fresh O2 in one-valve that helps during inhalation and exhalation.
    • Factors affecting FiO2: air leakage, breathing pattern.

    Tracheostomy Mask

    • Humidification flows the oxygen that is directed to the variable performance device
    • Bernoulli's principle: tube's narrowed; as the tube's velocity increases, which increases the pressure that creates lateral pressure

    Venturi Mask

    • Venturi Masks consists of fixed orifice that have fined flows. Many varieties available. FiO2 low to moderate. FiO2 0.24-0.68).
    • Air entrainment works based on Bernoulli's principle. It provides humidification and oxygen, used to deliver medications with FiO2 28 – 100%, man/gas flow 14 – 16 L/min

    Oxygen Enclosures

    • Oxygen tents (variable device); covers the entire body; difficult to use
    • Rebreathing covers the whole body
    • Oxygen hood covers only the head of the infant. It is a fixed performance device, which allows precise blending of Oxygen and air at a perfect range. FiO2 21-100%. Allows for a baby/infant in a incubator to be kept warm.

    Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO)

    • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: 100% of oxygen at greater than 1 atm which is equal to 760 mmHg at sea level.
    • Indications: Decompression sickness, bubble reduction, hyperoxia of blood
    • Enhanced host immunity, neo-vascularization, and better circulation. This takes time

    Adverse Effects of HBO

    • Barotrauma: ear trauma, tympanic membrane rupture, pneumothorax
    • Oxygen toxicity: central nervous system tonicity (seizures, convulsions), pulmonary oxygen toxicity (acute inflammation, ARDS-like state).
    • Increased cellular damage due to fibrous deposition, causing vessel leakage within the lungs, and the formation of a shunt that can result in hypoxia.
    • Retinopathy: occurs in infants, vessels have necrosis and retina lost.
    • Denitrogenation atelectasis; increasing O2 causes N2 to be washed out, which causes atelectasis
    • Fire hazard since O2 helps in combustion.

    Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

    • Vasoconstriction: hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    • Hyperoxia: causing vasoconstriction will help in reducing inflammation
    • When attached to HBO, the oxygen dissolves with the plasma. This is in accordance with Henry's law

    Methods of giving Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

    • Multichamber can treat many patients.
    • Monochamber can only treat one patient at a time.

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    Oxygen Therapy PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on oxygen therapy, normal PaO2 ranges, and arterial blood gas (ABG) significance. This quiz covers clinical assessment findings and monitoring methods for hypoxemia. Understanding these concepts is crucial for effective patient care in respiratory therapy.

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