Oxygen Delivery Systems (All 3)

Which of the following is the primary indication for oxygen therapy?

A patient with COPD is receiving oxygen therapy. Which of the listed potential adverse effects is a concern in this population?

After initiating oxygen therapy, approximately how long should you wait to assess the patient's oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry and expect an increase?

Which of the following findings indicates the need for advanced oxygen delivery?

Which oxygen delivery system is considered 'highly advanced' and involves oxygenation outside of the body?

A patient requires a precise FiO2. Which oxygen delivery system is most appropriate?

What is a primary limitation of using a standard nasal cannula for oxygen delivery?

What is the estimated FiO2 when using a nasal cannula?

Which flow rate is required when using a simple face mask to ensure adequate CO2 clearance?

A patient is on a non-rebreather mask. What flow rate is required?

What is the primary advantage of using high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) over other oxygen delivery systems?

What is a key initial setting for flow rate when initiating high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy in adults?

A patient is receiving high-flow nasal cannula therapy. The respiratory therapist is unable to improve the patient's oxygenation with increasing flow rates. According to the information provided, what should be the next step?

A patient is switched from high-flow nasal cannula to a standard nasal cannula. Which criteria indicates the flow rate and FiO2 is appropriate on the standard nasal cannula?

A patient with severe COPD and chronic hypercapnia is admitted with acute hypoxemia. Initial blood gas shows a pH of 7.20, PaCO2 of 75 mmHg, and PaO2 of 50 mmHg. Which oxygen delivery strategy requires the MOST careful monitoring to prevent further respiratory depression?

In which of the following scenarios would oxygen therapy be MOST appropriate?

A patient is receiving oxygen via nasal cannula at 2L/min. The patient's SpO2 is 88%, and they exhibit increased work of breathing. What is the MOST appropriate initial intervention?

A patient is started on oxygen therapy. Following initiation, approximately how long should the provider wait before assessing oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry?

Which finding would MOST strongly suggest the need for advanced oxygen delivery methods, such as high-flow nasal cannula or non-invasive ventilation?

Which of the following oxygen delivery systems delivers oxygenation outside of the body?

To achieve a precise fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), which oxygen delivery system is MOST appropriate?

What is a key limitation of using a standard nasal cannula for oxygen delivery?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding simple face masks?

A patient is receiving oxygen via a non-rebreather mask. Which of the following is essential for proper use of this device?

A patient is being considered for high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. Which of the following is a PRIMARY advantage of HFNC over other oxygen delivery systems?

Which of the following is the typical initial flow rate setting when initiating high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy in adults?

A patient on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is being weaned to a standard nasal cannula. Which of the following criteria indicates appropriate flow rate and FiO2 on the standard nasal cannula?

A patient with a history of COPD is admitted for acute hypoxemia. The MOST appropriate initial step in managing this patient's oxygenation is:

A patient with severe hypoxemia is receiving oxygen. Despite escalating oxygen delivery, the patient's condition deteriorates. Arterial blood gas reveals worsening hypercapnia and acidosis. The respiratory therapist advises a trial of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Which of the following is the MOST important parameter to continually assess during the NIV trial?

A previously healthy 25-year-old presents with acute respiratory distress secondary to a massive pulmonary embolism. Despite maximal support with a non-rebreather mask, the patient's PaO2 remains critically low at 45 mmHg, and the PaCO2 is rising rapidly. Systemic Thrombolysis is contraindicated. Which of the following interventions represents the MOST appropriate next step in management?

Which of the following defines non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

What are the two main types of non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

Which of the following is a potential benefit of using Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV)?

Which of these is a primary indication for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

A patient with an acute exacerbation of COPD has the following arterial blood gas (ABG): pH 7.28, PaCO2 60 mmHg, PaO2 55 mmHg. Which of the following non-invasive ventilation (NIV) settings is most appropriate?

Which condition is CPAP primarily indicated for?

Why is mask fit particularly important for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

Which of the following is a contraindication for non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

In a patient with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, what is the primary physiological effect of CPAP that leads to improved respiratory function?

A 68-year-old male presents to the emergency department with acute shortness of breath. His ABG results are: pH 7.5, PaO2 55, PaCO2 34, HCO3 22. What is the MOST appropriate NIV setting recommended for this patient?

When initiating CPAP, what is the typical starting pressure?

What is the recommended goal for oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) when using CPAP?

When is BiPAP typically indicated?

Which parameter is primarily improved by IPAP in BiPAP therapy?

What potential side effect should be monitored when using EPAP?

A 62-year-old female with severe COPD presents to the emergency department with increased shortness of breath. Her ABG on 6L of O2 is pH 7.25, PaCO2 72, PaO2 55, SO2 88%. What is the MOST appropriate NIV setting for this patient?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding EPAP?

What initial IPAP/EPAP settings should be selected when initiating BiPAP?

What findings on BiPAP should the provider look for that would suggest the need for mechanical ventilation?

According to the information provided, what could be considered for a patient who demonstrates BiPAP intolerance?

A patient is on BiPAP. What is the single most reliable indicator that the BiPAP is being successful?

When increasing IPAP in 2 cm water increments, how often should the provider make these changes?

What is the maximal IPAP?

What is the most crucial next step for patients who fail to improve or stabilize within one-half to two hours on NIV according to the information provided?

Which of the following would exclude a patient from Non-Invasive Ventilation?

What is the primary method of delivering positive pressure ventilation in non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

Which of the following is a key characteristic of CPAP?

In BiPAP therapy, what is the primary role of IPAP?

What is a major advantage of using NIV compared to invasive mechanical ventilation?

What is a primary indication for NIV in patients with COPD?

Why is a proper mask fit critically important when using NIV?

Which of the following is a contraindication for NIV?

A patient with cardiogenic pulmonary edema is being treated with CPAP. What is the main goal of this therapy?

What is the typical starting pressure range for CPAP?

What is the recommended target range for oxygen saturation (SpO2) when using CPAP?

In BiPAP therapy, what does EPAP directly influence?

When using BiPAP, which parameter requires close monitoring due to potential hypotensive effects?

When initiating BiPAP, which of the following is an appropriate initial setting for IPAP and EPAP?

Which of the following arterial blood gas (ABG) findings suggests BiPAP is failing?

Which of the following findings suggests a patient is not tolerating BiPAP and might be a candidate for an alternative approach?

When increasing IPAP to improve ventilation, by how much should it be adjusted at a time?

What is the general upper limit for IPAP?

If a patient fails to improve or stabilize within one-half to two hours on NIV, what is the most crucial next step?

Which value of PaCO2 suggests the need for mechanical ventilation?

A 70-year-old patient with a history of COPD presents to the emergency department with increased shortness of breath, a productive cough, and confusion. Initial blood gas results on room air are: pH 7.20, PaCO2 70 mmHg, PaO2 52 mmHg, and HCO3 26 mEq/L. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate initial intervention?

A patient with known severe COPD is admitted for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Non-invasive strategy is being implemented. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate initial BiPAP settings?

During non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with BiPAP, the primary goal of increasing the inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) is to:

You are called to assess a patient receiving BiPAP in the ICU. The high-pressure alarm is frequently triggering. Further investigation reveals the following: patient is agitated, respiratory rate is 35, heart rate is 120, and the patient is actively fighting the ventilator; ABG results show a pH of 7.26, PaCO2 of 65 mmHg, and PaO2 of 55 mmHg. What is the MOST appropriate immediate intervention?

Which of the following is TRUE regarding maximal EPAP?

A patient is on BiPAP. Which clinical sign, if improved, would MOST reliably suggest that the BiPAP therapy is being successful in improving ventilation?

Which of the following are considered methods of invasive oxygenation?

What is the primary supportive goal of mechanical ventilation?

During Assist Control (AC) ventilation, if a patient initiates a breath beyond the set machine breaths, how is this patient-initiated breath supported?

Which of the following is a key advantage of Pressure Support (PS) ventilation compared to Assist Control (AC) ventilation?

Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (SIMV) is often utilized in which clinical scenario?

A patient on Assist Control (AC) ventilation is noted to have a PaCO2 of 30 mmHg, indicating respiratory alkalosis. Which initial ventilator adjustment is MOST likely to be considered to address this?

For a patient with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) requiring mechanical ventilation, what is the generally recommended range for tidal volume, adjusted for ideal body weight?

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) is applied in mechanical ventilation to achieve which of the following primary effects?

Which of the following is an indication for endotracheal intubation but NOT necessarily an indication for mechanical ventilation itself?

A patient with a flail chest, resulting from multiple rib fractures, is MOST likely to require which form of respiratory support?

What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)?

A crucial requirement for patients undergoing Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) therapy is:

Which of the following conditions is generally considered a contraindication for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)?

A patient on Veno-Arterial (VA) ECMO develops acute onset limb ischemia. Which potential ECMO-related mechanical complication could MOST directly contribute to this?

A patient with acute respiratory failure and severe hemodynamic instability is being evaluated for ECMO. Which ECMO configuration would be MOST appropriate as the initial approach to address both respiratory and circulatory compromise?

Which of the following is a primary goal of mechanical ventilation?

A patient with severe respiratory distress requires intubation. Which of the following PaCO2 values would suggest the need for mechanical ventilation following intubation?

In Assist Control (AC) ventilation, how are patient-initiated breaths supported?

What is a potential disadvantage of Assist Control (AC) ventilation?

A patient on mechanical ventilation is being weaned. Which mode combines spontaneous breathing with set mandatory breaths?

What is the primary advantage of Pressure Support (PS) ventilation?

Which of the following is required for ECMO?

In the context of mechanical ventilation, what does PEEP primarily achieve?

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for ECMO?

A patient on mechanical ventilation develops a sudden drop in blood pressure. Which setting may be responsible?

A patient with ARDS is on mechanical ventilation. Which of the following is an expected ventilator setting?

A patient on VA-ECMO develops acute limb ischemia. This is most likely due to:

Which of the following is the MOST crucial intervention for a patient on mechanical ventilation who develops respiratory alkalosis?

What is the underlying concept behind proportional assist ventilation (PAV)?

What is a significant risk associated with veno-arterial (VA) ECMO that is less common in veno-venous (VV) ECMO?

A 68-year-old male with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema presents with severe dyspnea, tachypnea (RR 35), and an SpO2 of 85% on 6L nasal cannula. He has bilateral crackles and an S3 heart sound. What is the most appropriate non-invasive ventilation (NIV) strategy for this patient?

A 62-year-old woman with severe COPD exacerbation presents to the ER with dyspnea, accessory muscle use, and perioral cyanosis. Her ABG on 6L O₂ shows: • pH: 7.25 • PaCO2: 72 mmHg • PaO2: 55 mmHg Which of the following is the most appropriate initial intervention?

Which of the following is a primary goal of CPAP in patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema?

Which of the following best describes BiPAP vs CPAP?

Which non-invasive ventilation setting is most important for improving CO₂ removal in hypercapnic respiratory failure?

A patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. What is the recommended tidal volume setting to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury?

Which of the following is most appropriate for initial oxygen delivery in a critically ill patient with SpO2 of 75% and respiratory distress?

Which oxygen delivery system provides the most precise FiO₂ control?

Which of the following is a major risk of over-oxygenation in a patient with COPD?

Which of the following patients is the best candidate for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)?

Which mode of mechanical ventilation delivers a set tidal volume and allows the patient to initiate breaths, but provides full ventilatory support for each initiated breath?

A 65-year-old male presents with COPD exacerbation and is placed on BiPAP. Which setting is primarily responsible for improving oxygenation in this patient?

A patient with acute respiratory failure is on BiPAP with settings of IPAP 12 cm H₂O, EPAP 5 cm H2O. His ABG after 1 hour shows persistent hypercapnia (PaCO2 68 mmHg, pH 7.23). What is the most appropriate next step?

A 72-year-old male presents with hypoxemic respiratory failure (PaO2 50 mmHg, SpO2 85%) due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Which of the following is the best initial oxygen therapy?

A 50-year-old male presents with ARDS requiring mechanical ventilation. What is the most important ventilator setting to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)?

A patient with severe asthma exacerbation is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. Which ventilator setting is most important to reduce the risk of auto-PEEP and dynamic hyperinflation?

A patient with COPD on BiPAP develops hypotension. What is the most likely cause?

A patient with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (Type I) is started on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). Which of the following best explains its mechanism of action?

Which of the following oxygen delivery systems provides the highest fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂)?

A patient with COPD is found to have an SpO2 of 91% on room air with no signs of respiratory distress. What is the most appropriate next step?

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication to non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

Which of the following patients would most likely require intubation and mechanical ventilation?

Which of the following is a potential complication of mechanical ventilation?

Which of the following is the best indicator of BiPAP success in a patient with COPD exacerbation?

A 67-year-old patient with severe COPD presents with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. BiPAP is initiated. Which finding indicates treatment success after 1 hour?

A 72-year-old patient with cardiogenic pulmonary edema is placed on CPAP. What is the primary mechanism by which CPAP improves oxygenation?

A patient with severe ARDS is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation. What ventilator setting adjustment is most appropriate to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI)?

A patient with acute exacerbation of COPD is placed on BiPAP. Which adjustment should be made if PaCO2 remains elevated despite treatment?

A patient with acute respiratory failure is placed on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). What is the primary advantage of HFNC over a standard nasal cannula?

A patient with an acute COPD exacerbation develops hypotension while on BiPAP. What is the most likely cause?

A patient with severe asthma exacerbation is placed on mechanical ventilation. What ventilator strategy should be used to prevent air trapping and auto-PEEP?

A patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains hypoxemic despite high FiO2 and PEEP. Which ventilatory strategy is most beneficial?

A 55-year-old patient with pneumonia is on non-rebreather (NRB) mask at 15 L/min. His SpO2 remains at 85%. What is the most appropriate next step?

Which oxygen delivery system is best for a COPD patient who requires precise oxygen control?

A patient in respiratory failure is placed on mechanical ventilation. Which setting prevents atelectasis and improves oxygenation?

A patient with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is placed on oxygen therapy. What is the primary mechanism of hypoxemia in PE?

Which of the following ventilation strategies is most appropriate for a patient with severe COPD on mechanical ventilation?

A patient with hypoxemic respiratory failure (Type I) is placed on high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC). What is the FiO₂ titration goal?