Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain
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Questions and Answers

What is gluconeogenesis?

  • The storage of glucose
  • The process of glycolysis
  • The making of glucose from pyruvate (correct)
  • The making of glycogen

    • In which step of the TCA cycle is GTP generated?

  • Step 1
  • Step 5 (correct)
  • Step 7
  • Step 3

    • What is the main function of the enzyme oxidoreductase in the TCA cycle?

  • To remove carboxyl groups
  • To catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions (correct)
  • To add phosphate groups
  • To ligate two molecules together

    • Which molecule is regenerated in the last step of the TCA cycle?

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the link reaction in the TCA cycle?

    <p>Oxidation of pyruvate and decarboxylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in the TCA cycle specifically involves the removal of the second carbon dioxide molecule?

    <p>Step 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when breaking thioester bonds in step 5 of the TCA cycle?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction type is involved in step 7 of the TCA cycle?

    <p>Redox and ligase reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mitochondria contains the electron transport chain protein complexes?

    <p>Inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is reduced to form water at complex five in the electron transport chain?

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Convert ADP and Pi to ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the ATP generation by ATP synthase?

    <p>Proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do electrons transfer energy in the electron transport chain?

    <p>By changing the conformational state of protein complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy level of electrons as they pass through the protein complexes?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are cofactors necessary in the protein complexes of the electron transport chain?

    <p>They facilitate the transfer of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain

    • Exploiting the transport of electrons between protein complexes to generate ATP.
    • Inner membrane of mitochondria contains protein complexes (1-5) with cofactors, including metal ions.
    • Each complex contains non-protein chains that pass electrons from NADH or FADH2 to molecular oxygen, leading to the reduction of O2 to H2O.
    • Protein complexes transfer energy from electrons to pump protons, creating a gradient.
    • ATP synthase allows protons to pass out of the space, converting ADP + Pi to ATP.

    How the Electron Transport Chain Generates ATP

    • Transferring energy from electrons.
    • Generating a high concentration of protons in the inner membrane space.
    • Exploiting the high concentration of protons to generate ATP.

    How the ETC Makes ATP

    • Energy is transferred to protein complexes.
    • Electrons are passed down through complexes, losing energy with each step.
    • This generates a different conformational state in complexes, funneling H+ ions into the mitochondrial membrane space.
    • The flow of protons out of the space is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP.

    Cell to Systems

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • Gluconeogenisis: making glucose from pyruvate.
    • Glycogenis: making glycogen.

    Citric Acid Cycle

    • Glycolysis: 150 kJ/mol ATP in the presence or absence of oxygen.
    • TCA: oxidizing carbons.

    TCA: 4-Carbon Trains

    Step 0: Preparation Step

    • Breaks down the 3-carbon chain, releasing 1 molecule of CO2 to generate 2 carbon molecules.
    • Takes the 3-carbon pyruvate molecule, removing the carboxylic group and generating CO2.

    Step 2: Isomerisation Reaction

    • Changes the positions of H, generating and subtracting the same molecule.

    Step 3

    • Removes the second CO2 molecule, going from a 6-carbon chain to a 5-carbon chain.
    • 6C → 5C + CO2 is a redox reaction.

    Step 4

    • Removes carbon and generates CoA, generating more NADH for oxidative phosphorylation.
    • The enzyme is oxidoreductase.

    Step 5

    • Generates GTP through substrate level phosphorylation.
    • GDP + Pi = GTP, breaking thioester bonds-COA.
    • The enzyme used is a ligase.

    Step 6

    • Regenerates the full carbon chain, generating more NADH and FADH2.

    Step 7

    • Involves a redox reaction and a ligase reaction in making or breaking double carbon bonds.

    Step 8

    • Regenerates oxaloacetate through a redox reaction, generating more NADH.

    TCA Summary

    • Steps 1-6: Regenerating the full carbon chain by removing electrons for oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Step 7: Making or breaking double carbon bonds.
    • Step 8: Generating NADH.

    TCA Cycle: 8 Steps + Preparation

    • Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA, generating CO2 and NADH.

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    Description

    Learn about the process of generating ATP through the transport of electrons between protein complexes in the mitochondria's inner membrane.

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