Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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What is the primary effect of the increased hydrogen ion concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Synthesis of ATP

Creation of a membrane potential (correct)

Transfer of electrons from NADH

Generation of a proton gradient

What is the energy source that drives the synthesis of ATP?

Proton flow up the concentration gradient

Electron transfer from NADH

Oxygen reduction

Proton flow down the concentration gradient (correct)

What is the term that refers to the energy obtained from the electrochemical gradient created by the electron carriers?

Proton motive force (correct)

ATP synthesis

Electron motive force

Proton gradient

What is the role of the electron carriers in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

To transfer electrons from NADH to O2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the spontaneous diffusion of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Synthesis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure?

Gibbs Free Energy Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phosphate groups in ATP labeled, in order from closest to furthest from the ribose sugar?

Alpha, Beta, Gamma Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system?

Energy Coupling reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of ATP that consists of the nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose?

Nucleoside Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the energy released when the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are broken?

High-Energy Phosphate Bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in the process of ATP synthesis?

To drive the rotation of the ATP synthase enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Which conformation of the β subunit of ATP synthase has a low affinity for ATP?

β-empty Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard free energy change for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi?

−7.3 kcal/mole Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the F1 complex in ATP synthesis?

To catalyze the synthesis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which protons move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into the matrix?

Chemiosmosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

To generate a proton-motive force Signup and view all the answers

How many active β sites are involved in the catalysis of ATP synthesis?

3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electronegativity in oxidative phosphorylation?

It is a fundamental concept in understanding the process of ATP synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O?

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of energy coupling in cells?

To harness the energy within the bonds of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis in the context of oxidative phosphorylation?

The process of ATP synthesis driven by the proton-motive force Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

Final electron acceptor, removing de-energized electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain?

Participate in one electron transfer Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expulsion of four protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space in Complex I?

Increase in the hydrogen gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

Coupling electron flow to proton movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c in Complex III?

Proton expulsion to the intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?

Reducing molecular oxygen to water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ATP molecule?

To store energy for cellular reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

The electron transport chain generates energy for the synthesis of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

Exergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

To release energy for cellular reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system?

Free energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which energy from one reaction is used to drive another reaction?

Energy coupling Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cristae in the mitochondrial inner membrane?

To increase the surface area for energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the oxidation reaction of NADH in terms of free energy change?

A negative free energy change Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the intermembrane space in the mitochondrion?

To deposit hydrogen ions for the protein complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the energy from the oxidation of NADH is used to synthesize ATP?

Generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the set of coupled reactions involving NADH and FADH2?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

To pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

To house mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria?

The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the proton-motive force is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Electron transfer reactions in the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the conformational change that triggers the release of newly synthesized ATP from the β subunit of ATP synthase?

β-ATP to β-empty Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?

Reduction of oxygen to water Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source that drives the proton flow down the concentration gradient?

The free energy associated with proton flow down the concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the F1 complex in the context of ATP synthesis?

It catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rotation of the β subunit of ATP synthase during ATP synthesis?

To coordinate the conformational changes of the β subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of the proton-motive force on the ATP synthase enzyme?

It drives the rotation of the β subunit Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the exergonic transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to FMN in Complex I?

Formation of a high-energy electron carrier Signup and view all the answers

Which cytochrome is responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen?

Cytochrome c oxidase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Fe-S centers in Complex I?

To transfer electrons from NADH to FMN Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

To transfer electrons from Complex I to Complex III Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are required to reduce one molecule of oxygen to water in Complex IV?

Four electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the iron-containing prosthetic group in cytochromes?

To transfer electrons during oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of the increased hydrogen ion concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the energy source that drives the synthesis of ATP?

What is the term that refers to the energy obtained from the electrochemical gradient created by the electron carriers?

What is the role of the electron carriers in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the result of the spontaneous diffusion of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the term used to describe a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure?

What are the three phosphate groups in ATP labeled, in order from closest to furthest from the ribose sugar?

What type of reaction occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system?

What is the component of ATP that consists of the nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose?

What is the term used to describe the energy released when the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are broken?

What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in the process of ATP synthesis?

Which conformation of the β subunit of ATP synthase has a low affinity for ATP?

What is the standard free energy change for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi?

What is the role of the F1 complex in ATP synthesis?

What is the name of the process by which protons move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into the matrix?

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

How many active β sites are involved in the catalysis of ATP synthesis?

What is the role of electronegativity in oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the net result of the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O?

What is the purpose of energy coupling in cells?

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis in the context of oxidative phosphorylation?

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

What is the characteristic of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain?

What is the result of the expulsion of four protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space in Complex I?

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c in Complex III?

What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?

What is the primary function of the ATP molecule?

What is the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

What is the characteristic of a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

What is the role of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system?

What is the process by which energy from one reaction is used to drive another reaction?

What is the primary function of the cristae in the mitochondrial inner membrane?

What is the result of the oxidation reaction of NADH in terms of free energy change?

What is the purpose of the intermembrane space in the mitochondrion?

What is the primary mechanism by which the energy from the oxidation of NADH is used to synthesize ATP?

What is the term used to describe the set of coupled reactions involving NADH and FADH2?

What is the role of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

What is the role of the electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

What is the primary driving force for the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria?

What is the primary mechanism by which the proton-motive force is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

What is the conformational change that triggers the release of newly synthesized ATP from the β subunit of ATP synthase?

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?

What is the energy source that drives the proton flow down the concentration gradient?

What is the role of the F1 complex in the context of ATP synthesis?

What is the purpose of the rotation of the β subunit of ATP synthase during ATP synthesis?

What is the overall effect of the proton-motive force on the ATP synthase enzyme?

What is the net result of the exergonic transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to FMN in Complex I?

Which cytochrome is responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen?

What is the function of the Fe-S centers in Complex I?

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

How many electrons are required to reduce one molecule of oxygen to water in Complex IV?

What is the role of the iron-containing prosthetic group in cytochromes?

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