Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of the increased hydrogen ion concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  • Synthesis of ATP
  • Creation of a membrane potential (correct)
  • Transfer of electrons from NADH
  • Generation of a proton gradient

    • What is the energy source that drives the synthesis of ATP?

  • Proton flow up the concentration gradient
  • Electron transfer from NADH
  • Oxygen reduction
  • Proton flow down the concentration gradient (correct)

    • What is the term that refers to the energy obtained from the electrochemical gradient created by the electron carriers?

  • Proton motive force (correct)
  • ATP synthesis
  • Electron motive force
  • Proton gradient

    • What is the role of the electron carriers in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To transfer electrons from NADH to O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the spontaneous diffusion of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

    <p>Exergonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure?

    <p>Gibbs Free Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three phosphate groups in ATP labeled, in order from closest to furthest from the ribose sugar?

    <p>Alpha, Beta, Gamma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system?

    <p>Energy Coupling reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of ATP that consists of the nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose?

    <p>Nucleoside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy released when the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are broken?

    <p>High-Energy Phosphate Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in the process of ATP synthesis?

    <p>To drive the rotation of the ATP synthase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conformation of the β subunit of ATP synthase has a low affinity for ATP?

    <p>β-empty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard free energy change for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi?

    <p>−7.3 kcal/mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the F1 complex in ATP synthesis?

    <p>To catalyze the synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which protons move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into the matrix?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>To generate a proton-motive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many active β sites are involved in the catalysis of ATP synthesis?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electronegativity in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It is a fundamental concept in understanding the process of ATP synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O?

    <p>The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of energy coupling in cells?

    <p>To harness the energy within the bonds of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis in the context of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>The process of ATP synthesis driven by the proton-motive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Final electron acceptor, removing de-energized electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Participate in one electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the expulsion of four protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space in Complex I?

    <p>Increase in the hydrogen gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Coupling electron flow to proton movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c in Complex III?

    <p>Proton expulsion to the intermembrane space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Reducing molecular oxygen to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ATP molecule?

    <p>To store energy for cellular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

    <p>The electron transport chain generates energy for the synthesis of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

    <p>Exergonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

    <p>To release energy for cellular reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system?

    <p>Free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which energy from one reaction is used to drive another reaction?

    <p>Energy coupling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cristae in the mitochondrial inner membrane?

    <p>To increase the surface area for energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the oxidation reaction of NADH in terms of free energy change?

    <p>A negative free energy change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the intermembrane space in the mitochondrion?

    <p>To deposit hydrogen ions for the protein complexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the energy from the oxidation of NADH is used to synthesize ATP?

    <p>Generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the set of coupled reactions involving NADH and FADH2?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

    <p>To house mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force for the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria?

    <p>The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the proton-motive force is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Electron transfer reactions in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the conformational change that triggers the release of newly synthesized ATP from the β subunit of ATP synthase?

    <p>β-ATP to β-empty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?

    <p>Reduction of oxygen to water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source that drives the proton flow down the concentration gradient?

    <p>The free energy associated with proton flow down the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the F1 complex in the context of ATP synthesis?

    <p>It catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the rotation of the β subunit of ATP synthase during ATP synthesis?

    <p>To coordinate the conformational changes of the β subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall effect of the proton-motive force on the ATP synthase enzyme?

    <p>It drives the rotation of the β subunit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net result of the exergonic transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to FMN in Complex I?

    <p>Formation of a high-energy electron carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytochrome is responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen?

    <p>Cytochrome c oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Fe-S centers in Complex I?

    <p>To transfer electrons from NADH to FMN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To transfer electrons from Complex I to Complex III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons are required to reduce one molecule of oxygen to water in Complex IV?

    <p>Four electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the iron-containing prosthetic group in cytochromes?

    <p>To transfer electrons during oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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