Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of the increased hydrogen ion concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

  • Synthesis of ATP
  • Creation of a membrane potential (correct)
  • Transfer of electrons from NADH
  • Generation of a proton gradient

What is the energy source that drives the synthesis of ATP?

  • Proton flow up the concentration gradient
  • Electron transfer from NADH
  • Oxygen reduction
  • Proton flow down the concentration gradient (correct)

What is the term that refers to the energy obtained from the electrochemical gradient created by the electron carriers?

  • Proton motive force (correct)
  • ATP synthesis
  • Electron motive force
  • Proton gradient

What is the role of the electron carriers in the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To transfer electrons from NADH to O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the spontaneous diffusion of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>Synthesis of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

<p>Exergonic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure?

<p>Gibbs Free Energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phosphate groups in ATP labeled, in order from closest to furthest from the ribose sugar?

<p>Alpha, Beta, Gamma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system?

<p>Energy Coupling reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of ATP that consists of the nitrogenous base adenine and the five-carbon sugar ribose?

<p>Nucleoside (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the energy released when the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP are broken?

<p>High-Energy Phosphate Bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the proton-motive force in the process of ATP synthesis?

<p>To drive the rotation of the ATP synthase enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conformation of the β subunit of ATP synthase has a low affinity for ATP?

<p>β-empty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the standard free energy change for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi?

<p>−7.3 kcal/mole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the F1 complex in ATP synthesis?

<p>To catalyze the synthesis of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process by which protons move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into the matrix?

<p>Chemiosmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>To generate a proton-motive force (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many active β sites are involved in the catalysis of ATP synthesis?

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of electronegativity in oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>It is a fundamental concept in understanding the process of ATP synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the reaction ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O?

<p>The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of energy coupling in cells?

<p>To harness the energy within the bonds of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemiosmotic hypothesis in the context of oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>The process of ATP synthesis driven by the proton-motive force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

<p>Final electron acceptor, removing de-energized electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain?

<p>Participate in one electron transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the expulsion of four protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space in Complex I?

<p>Increase in the hydrogen gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

<p>Coupling electron flow to proton movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c in Complex III?

<p>Proton expulsion to the intermembrane space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Complex IV in the electron transport chain?

<p>Reducing molecular oxygen to water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ATP molecule?

<p>To store energy for cellular reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?

<p>The electron transport chain generates energy for the synthesis of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a reaction that releases energy into its environment?

<p>Exergonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the phosphoanhydride bonds in ATP?

<p>To release energy for cellular reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thermodynamic potential that measures the useful or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system?

<p>Free energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which energy from one reaction is used to drive another reaction?

<p>Energy coupling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cristae in the mitochondrial inner membrane?

<p>To increase the surface area for energy production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the oxidation reaction of NADH in terms of free energy change?

<p>A negative free energy change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the intermembrane space in the mitochondrion?

<p>To deposit hydrogen ions for the protein complexes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the energy from the oxidation of NADH is used to synthesize ATP?

<p>Generation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the set of coupled reactions involving NADH and FADH2?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain?

<p>To pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>To generate a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>To house mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondria?

<p>The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which the proton-motive force is generated across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

<p>Electron transfer reactions in the electron transport chain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conformational change that triggers the release of newly synthesized ATP from the β subunit of ATP synthase?

<p>β-ATP to β-empty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen?

<p>Reduction of oxygen to water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source that drives the proton flow down the concentration gradient?

<p>The free energy associated with proton flow down the concentration gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the F1 complex in the context of ATP synthesis?

<p>It catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the rotation of the β subunit of ATP synthase during ATP synthesis?

<p>To coordinate the conformational changes of the β subunit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall effect of the proton-motive force on the ATP synthase enzyme?

<p>It drives the rotation of the β subunit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of the exergonic transfer of a hydride ion from NADH to FMN in Complex I?

<p>Formation of a high-energy electron carrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytochrome is responsible for transferring electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen?

<p>Cytochrome c oxidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Fe-S centers in Complex I?

<p>To transfer electrons from NADH to FMN (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ubiquinone in the electron transport chain?

<p>To transfer electrons from Complex I to Complex III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons are required to reduce one molecule of oxygen to water in Complex IV?

<p>Four electrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the iron-containing prosthetic group in cytochromes?

<p>To transfer electrons during oxidative phosphorylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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