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Questions and Answers
What type of acids are formed when dicarboxylic/saccharic acids are oxidized?
What type of acids are formed when dicarboxylic/saccharic acids are oxidized?
What is the product of the enzymatic oxidation of the primary alcohol end of an aldose?
What is the product of the enzymatic oxidation of the primary alcohol end of an aldose?
What is the functional group present at the end of an aldose molecule?
What is the functional group present at the end of an aldose molecule?
What is the result of the strong oxidizing agent on a monosaccharide?
What is the result of the strong oxidizing agent on a monosaccharide?
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What is the type of reaction involved in the conversion of a monosaccharide into an alduronic acid?
What is the type of reaction involved in the conversion of a monosaccharide into an alduronic acid?
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What is the name of the product formed when D-Glucose is oxidized with a strong oxidizing agent?
What is the name of the product formed when D-Glucose is oxidized with a strong oxidizing agent?
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What is the result of oxidizing glucose?
What is the result of oxidizing glucose?
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What is the outcome of oxidizing an aldose with a strong oxidizing agent?
What is the outcome of oxidizing an aldose with a strong oxidizing agent?
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Which type of sugars can act as reducing agents in oxidation reactions?
Which type of sugars can act as reducing agents in oxidation reactions?
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What is required for the oxidation of ketoses to produce acidic sugars?
What is required for the oxidation of ketoses to produce acidic sugars?
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What is the reactant that undergoes oxidation to produce an aldonic acid?
What is the reactant that undergoes oxidation to produce an aldonic acid?
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What is the outcome of reducing an aldonic acid?
What is the outcome of reducing an aldonic acid?
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What type of oxidizing agents can oxidize the aldehyde group of an aldose?
What type of oxidizing agents can oxidize the aldehyde group of an aldose?
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What is the common characteristic of all monosaccharides?
What is the common characteristic of all monosaccharides?
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What is the product of reducing a carbonyl group in a monosaccharide using hydrogen as the reducing agent?
What is the product of reducing a carbonyl group in a monosaccharide using hydrogen as the reducing agent?
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What is the name of the sugar alcohol formed when D-Glucose is reduced?
What is the name of the sugar alcohol formed when D-Glucose is reduced?
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What type of reaction occurs when the anomeric hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide undergoes condensation with the hydroxyl group of a second molecule?
What type of reaction occurs when the anomeric hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide undergoes condensation with the hydroxyl group of a second molecule?
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What is the purpose of sorbitol in gum?
What is the purpose of sorbitol in gum?
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What is the outcome of the reaction between glucose and methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst?
What is the outcome of the reaction between glucose and methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst?
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What is the role of the hydroxyl group in glycoside formation?
What is the role of the hydroxyl group in glycoside formation?
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Study Notes
Oxidation to Produce Acidic Sugars
- Aldehyde group is easily oxidized by mild oxidizing agents like Benedict's and Tollens solution.
- Oxidation of prima alcohol produces an aldonic acid.
- Oxidation of glucose produces gluconic acid.
- Reducing sugars are sugars that act as reducing agents in this reaction.
- All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
- Ketoses are also reducing sugars and undergo a structural rearrangement to produce an aldose.
- Strong oxidizing agents can oxidize both prima alcohol and aldehyde groups to produce a dicarboxylic acid, also known as an aldaric acid.
Enzymatic Oxidation
- Enzymes can oxidize the prima alcohol end of an aldose without oxidizing the aldehyde group to produce an alduronic acid.
Reduction to Produce Sugar Alcohols
- The carbonyl group can be reduced to a hydroxyl group using hydrogen as the reducing agent.
- The product is the corresponding polyhydroxy alcohol or sugar alcohol.
- D-Glucitol, also known as sorbitol, is a sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of glucose.
- Sugar alcohols have an affinity for water, making them useful as moisturizing agents in food and cosmetics.
- Sugar alcohols are also used as sweetening agents in gum, as bacteria cannot use them as a food source.
Glycoside Formation
- Glycosides are formed when the anomeric hydroxyl group of a monosaccharide undergoes condensation with the hydroxyl group of a second molecule, with the elimination of water.
- The linkage resulting from such a reaction is known as a glycosidic bond.
- When glucose reacts with methanol, a mixture of α- and β-methyl glucopyranosides is obtained.
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Description
This quiz covers the oxidation of sugars, specifically the formation of acidic sugars through the oxidation of aldehyde groups using mild oxidizing agents. Topics include the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and the role of reducing sugars.
