Questions and Answers
What is beta oxidation?
Beta oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
What is the product of beta oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
Where does beta oxidation occur?
In the mitochondria.
What occurs during beta oxidation?
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What are the steps involved in beta oxidation?
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What are the steps in fatty acid activation?
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What enzyme is involved in the activation of fatty acids?
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Where does fatty acid activation occur and what type of linkage is formed?
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What happens during the mitochondrial uptake of fatty acids?
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Why is CoA important for transport into the mitochondrial membrane?
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How many acetyl CoA's are generated from 7 repetitions of beta oxidation starting with palmitoyl CoA?
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What is the reaction sequence during beta oxidation?
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How does beta oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids differ?
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How does beta oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids occur?
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What happens during the beta oxidation of odd carbon fatty acids?
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What is peroxisomal oxidation of fatty acids?
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What happens to NADH and FADH generated in peroxisomes?
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What happens to hydrogen peroxide generated in peroxisomes?
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Study Notes
Beta Oxidation Overview
- Beta oxidation is a catabolic process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2 in the mitochondria.
- Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, while NADH and FADH2 are utilized in the electron transport chain.
- The process occurs mainly in the mitochondrial matrix.
Products and Importance
- Products of beta oxidation include acetyl-CoA and the coenzymes NADH and FADH2, crucial for energy metabolism.
- Each palmitoyl CoA molecule undergoes seven cycles of beta oxidation, yielding 8 acetyl-CoA molecules.
Steps in Beta Oxidation
- FA activation involves esterification with CoA in the cytoplasm, forming fatty acyl-CoA via acyl CoA synthetase.
- Mitochondrial uptake requires a transport mechanism facilitated by carnitine, with CPT1 and CPTII enzymes facilitating the exchange of CoA and carnitine.
- The overall reaction sequence includes dehydrogenation, hydration, more dehydrogenation, and carbon-carbon cleavage.
Special Cases in Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Unsaturated fatty acids undergo normal beta oxidation until a double bond is encountered, requiring isomerization to continue.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids similarly require multiple isomerizations to complete the oxidation process.
- Odd carbon fatty acids produce succinyl-CoA after normal beta oxidation cycles, allowing entry into the TCA cycle.
Peroxisomal Oxidation
- Very long-chain fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes until they are short enough (8 carbons) to be transported into mitochondria.
- NADH and FADH2 generated in peroxisomes do not participate in oxidative phosphorylation but instead produce hydrogen peroxide.
- Hydrogen peroxide is subsequently converted into water and oxygen through enzymatic action.
Enzymes Involved
- Key enzymes include acyl CoA synthetase for activation, CPT1 for mitochondrial uptake, and dehydrogenases for various steps within beta oxidation.
- Isomerases and mutases are crucial for modifying unsaturated and odd carbon fatty acids.
Energy Yield from Beta Oxidation
- Each cycle of beta oxidation generates 5 ATP (2 from FADH2 and 3 from NADH) through oxidative phosphorylation.
- The metabolic efficiency of β-oxidation contributes significantly to ATP production, supporting various cellular functions.
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Description
Explore the process of beta-oxidation and its significance in fatty acid metabolism through these informative flashcards. Learn about key products such as acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2, and their roles in cellular respiration. Enhance your understanding of biochemical pathways essential for energy production.