Intermediate Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is true about the formation of fatty acids in animals?

  • They always have an odd number of carbons.
  • They always have an even number of carbons. (correct)
  • They can be formed with any number of carbon atoms.
  • They consist of only one fatty acid molecule.

Which process is involved in linking fatty acids to glycerol?

  • Glycolysis (correct)
  • Glycogenesis
  • Beta-oxidation
  • Proteolysis

What enzyme activity occurs predominantly in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Glucose metabolism
  • Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Fatty acid synthesis (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

What happens to carbohydrate catabolism in relation to fat production?

<p>It is sometimes converted to produce fat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid processing step involves separating amino acids?

<p>Proteolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of breaking down fatty acids?

<p>Conversion to ketone bodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is not a function of fatty acids?

<p>Conversion to glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proteases specifically break down?

<p>Peptide bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of beta oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid?

<p>Acetyl-CoA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substrate can be converted into glucose during metabolism?

<p>Glycerol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the beta oxidation of fatty acids occur?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of fatty acid metabolism mentioned in the content?

<p>It involves reverse reactions of catabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Acetyl-CoA not form during metabolism?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary toxic component mentioned that blood takes to the liver?

<p>Ammonia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does FADH2 play in the metabolism of fatty acids?

<p>It acts as a high-energy electron carrier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows an amino acid to transfer its amino group to a keto acid?

<p>Transamination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular structure of a saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons before oxidation?

<p>CH3 – (CH2)14 – COOH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound results from the conversion of 2 NH3 and CO2 in the liver?

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the reverse reactions of fatty acid metabolism?

<p>The enzymes for these reactions are found in the cytosol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ is responsible for excreting urea through urine?

<p>Kidneys (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many of the 28 amino acids can be produced through the method described?

<p>19 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered essential and must be obtained through diet?

<p>Lysine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which byproduct is formed when ammonia is converted into urea?

<p>Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the removal of an amino group from an amino acid, resulting in a keto acid?

<p>Deamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oxaloacetate in the metabolism process?

<p>It acts as a link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is produced when pyruvate is converted in the metabolic pathway?

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when glucose levels are high and glycogen is formed?

<p>Glycogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the breakdown of glycogen?

<p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the conversion from phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose, which is not part of the reversible reaction?

<p>Citrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the process of glycogen synthesis and breakdown primarily occur?

<p>Cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intermediate product does glucose lose during its metabolism?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pathway is described as irreversible in the context of pyruvate metabolism?

<p>Conversion to acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What molecule is formed when glycogen is broken down?

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the 2-carbon units generated during the breakdown of glucose?

<p>They enter the citric acid cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of modulation may influence enzyme activity in glycogen metabolism?

<p>Allosteric and Covalent Modulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized as the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

<p>Gluconeogenesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic process is primarily concerned with the production of phosphoenolpyruvate from glycolysis?

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When glucose levels are low, which metabolic pathway is activated?

<p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a by-product of the reaction that converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding muscle glycogen storage?

<p>Muscle glycogen is primarily broken down during anaerobic activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the reaction involving oxaloacetate reversible?

<p>It enables gluconeogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substrate directly enters the citric acid cycle after Acetyl CoA?

<p>Citrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Intermediary Metabolism Overview

  • Fatty acids serve as energy sources through beta-oxidation in mitochondria, transforming into Acetyl-CoA.
  • A fatty acid with 18 carbon atoms (CH3-(CH2)14-CH2-COOH) produces FADH2 and a fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms during oxidation.
  • Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle (CAC) but cannot convert into glucose; only glycerol can be gluconeogenic.
  • Fat synthesis occurs in the cytosol, requiring acetyl-CoA to form fatty acids; this is the reverse process of beta-oxidation.

Fatty Acid Metabolism

  • Fatty acid synthesis adds two carbon units at a time, resulting in even-numbered fatty acids.
  • Triglycerides are formed by linking three fatty acids to glycerol derived from glycolysis.
  • Enzymes for fatty acid synthesis reside in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Protein Metabolism

  • Proteolysis involves separating amino acids using proteases to break peptide bonds.
  • The breakdown results in ammonia (NH3) and keto acids, with ammonia being highly toxic.
  • Transported to the liver, ammonia is converted into urea (NH2)2CO, which is less toxic and excreted through urine by the kidneys.

Amino Acid Processing

  • Deamination is the removal of amino groups from amino acids, while transamination transfers an amino group to a keto acid.
  • Humans can synthesize 11 out of 20 amino acids; the remaining 9 are essential and must be obtained through diet.

Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) Dynamics

  • Glucose can be catabolized into Acetyl-CoA through glycolysis and citric acid cycle, generating CO2.
  • Oxaloacetate plays a critical role in the CAC, helping to prevent unnecessary glucose production.

Glycogen Metabolism

  • Glycogen synthesis (gluconeogenesis) occurs when glucose levels are high, while glycogenolysis occurs during low glucose availability.
  • Enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism are modulated covalently and allosterically, linking the processes to cellular energy status.

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Description

Test your knowledge on intermediary metabolism focusing on fatty acid oxidation processes. This quiz covers the biochemical pathways involved in the breakdown of long-chain fatty acids, including mitochondrial functions and the role of FADH2. Assess your understanding and see how well you grasp these complex metabolic processes.

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