Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones

What is the molecular formula of benzene?

C6H6

What is unique about the carbon-carbon bonds in the benzene molecule?

They have the same lengths, somewhere between single and double bonds.

What does the circle in Structure III represent?

Delocalization of the 6 p-electrons around the aromatic ring.

How are substituent groups denoted in IUPAC nomenclature?

As a prefix to the name of the aromatic compound. Signup and view all the answers

What was Ethyl Ether used for in the 1800's?

as one of the first anesthetics used for surgical procedures Signup and view all the answers

How are multiple similar substituent groups denoted?

With Greek numerical prefixes such as di, tri, tetra. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline?

it increases octane concentration and reduces pollutants Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of esters?

derivative of carboxylic acids (COOH) and the hydroxyl (OH) group Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of a benzene ring with a one-nitro group attached?

Nitrobenzene. Signup and view all the answers

What are esters commonly used for?

food aroma and fragrance Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name of Codeine?

Methoxymethane Signup and view all the answers

What is Ethoxyethane or diethyl ether used as in industrial applications?

a starter fluid for diesel engines and cold weather Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference in the oxidation reaction between aldehydes and ketones?

The hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes is abstracted during oxidation, whereas in ketones, carbon-carbon bonds are broken on either side of the carbonyl group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols?

Primary alcohols Signup and view all the answers

What are the two general methods to reduce aldehydes and ketones to hydrocarbons?

The Wolff-Kishner reduction and the Clemmensen reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the haloform reaction between compounds containing the methyl carbonyl group and halogens in the presence of dilute alkali?

The formation of haloforms, namely, chloroform, bromoform, and iodoform Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alkanes?

Aldehydes are reduced to methyl (CH3–), while ketones are reduced to methylene (CH2–) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of catalytic hydrogenation or chemical reducing agents like LiAlH4 in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?

To reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

Carboxyl Signup and view all the answers

What is the suffix name of carboxylic acid?

-oic acid Signup and view all the answers

Why do many carboxylic acids have common names that reflect their historical origin?

Because they were derived from natural sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for long-chain normal aliphatic acids?

CH3(CH2)nCOOH (n = 12 to 20) Signup and view all the answers

How are systematic names for carboxylic acids derived?

By counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the carboxyl group and replacing the –e ending of the corresponding alkane by –oic acid Signup and view all the answers

Why are the long-chain normal aliphatic acids called 'fatty acids'?

Because they occur as esters in fats and oils Signup and view all the answers

Why does benzene resist addition reactions?

Benzene resists addition reactions because those reactions would involve breaking the delocalization and losing that stability. Signup and view all the answers