30 Questions
What is the molecular formula of benzene?
C6H6
What is unique about the carbon-carbon bonds in the benzene molecule?
They have the same lengths, somewhere between single and double bonds.
What does the circle in Structure III represent?
Delocalization of the 6 p-electrons around the aromatic ring.
How are substituent groups denoted in IUPAC nomenclature?
As a prefix to the name of the aromatic compound.
What was Ethyl Ether used for in the 1800's?
as one of the first anesthetics used for surgical procedures
How are multiple similar substituent groups denoted?
With Greek numerical prefixes such as di, tri, tetra.
What is the role of Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) in gasoline?
it increases octane concentration and reduces pollutants
What is the origin of esters?
derivative of carboxylic acids (COOH) and the hydroxyl (OH) group
What is the name of a benzene ring with a one-nitro group attached?
Nitrobenzene.
What are esters commonly used for?
food aroma and fragrance
What is the chemical name of Codeine?
Methoxymethane
What is Ethoxyethane or diethyl ether used as in industrial applications?
a starter fluid for diesel engines and cold weather
What is the main difference in the oxidation reaction between aldehydes and ketones?
The hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes is abstracted during oxidation, whereas in ketones, carbon-carbon bonds are broken on either side of the carbonyl group.
What is the product of the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols?
Primary alcohols
What are the two general methods to reduce aldehydes and ketones to hydrocarbons?
The Wolff-Kishner reduction and the Clemmensen reduction
What is the result of the haloform reaction between compounds containing the methyl carbonyl group and halogens in the presence of dilute alkali?
The formation of haloforms, namely, chloroform, bromoform, and iodoform
What is the difference in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alkanes?
Aldehydes are reduced to methyl (CH3–), while ketones are reduced to methylene (CH2–)
What is the purpose of catalytic hydrogenation or chemical reducing agents like LiAlH4 in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones?
To reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols and ketones to secondary alcohols
What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?
Carboxyl
What is the suffix name of carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
Why do many carboxylic acids have common names that reflect their historical origin?
Because they were derived from natural sources
What is the general formula for long-chain normal aliphatic acids?
CH3(CH2)nCOOH (n = 12 to 20)
How are systematic names for carboxylic acids derived?
By counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain that includes the carboxyl group and replacing the –e ending of the corresponding alkane by –oic acid
Why are the long-chain normal aliphatic acids called 'fatty acids'?
Because they occur as esters in fats and oils
Why does benzene resist addition reactions?
Benzene resists addition reactions because those reactions would involve breaking the delocalization and losing that stability.
What are polyromantic hydrocarbons lipophilic and?
Nonpolar.
What is a common source of aromatic compounds?
Petroleum and coal.
What is a major health risk associated with exposure to PAHs?
Carcinogenic effect to humans.
What is one industrial use of benzene?
As a solvent.
What is a cosmetic ingredient derived from benzene?
Benzyl alcohol.
Understanding the difference in oxidation reactions between aldehydes and ketones, including the role of hydrogen atoms and carbon-carbon bonds.
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