48 Questions
What is the role of the electron receptor in a redox reaction?
It is the oxidizing agent
What is the net result of the oxidation of organic fuel molecules during cellular respiration?
Energy is released, and ATP is synthesized
What is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
It acts as an oxidizing agent to accept electrons
What is the significance of organic molecules with an abundance of hydrogen?
They are excellent sources of high-energy electrons
What is the result of the stepwise energy harvest via NAD+ and the electron transport chain?
Energy is stored in ATP
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
It is the final electron acceptor
Where is the electron transport chain primarily located in the mitochondrion?
Inner membrane (cristae)
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen (O2)
What is the outcome of the electron transport chain in terms of ATP production?
No ATP production
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain in terms of energy release?
To break down a large free-energy drop into smaller steps
What type of molecules are the majority of the electron transport chain components?
Proteins
What is the role of cytochromes in the electron transport chain?
To transfer electrons
What occurs when oxygen is absent in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis couples with anaerobic respiration or fermentation
What is the function of anaerobic respiration in cellular respiration?
To use an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen
What is the purpose of fermentation in cellular respiration?
To regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis
What is the byproduct of the first step in alcohol fermentation?
CO2
What is the role of yeast in fermentation?
To carry out alcohol fermentation in brewing, winemaking, and baking
What is the primary difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
The type of electron acceptor used
What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglyceromutase?
3-Phosphoglycerate
What is the purpose of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
To generate ATP and NADH
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-Phosphoglycerate?
Phosphoglycerokinase
What is the byproduct of the reaction catalyzed by triose phosphate dehydrogenase?
NADH
What is the reactant of the reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate kinase?
Phosphoenolpyruvate
What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate isomerase?
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
What is the main purpose of glycolysis in the context of cellular respiration?
To convert glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH
What is the role of feedback inhibition in the regulation of cellular respiration?
To slow down respiration when there is plenty of ATP
What is the primary source of small molecules used in biosynthesis?
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
What is the role of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis?
To convert fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
What is the purpose of regulating the activity of enzymes in the catabolic pathway?
To control the breakdown of organic molecules
What is the result of the body's use of small molecules from food to build other molecules?
The formation of new molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates
What is the maximum number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
30 or 32
During which stage of cellular respiration do electrons passed to NAD+ and FAD contribute to the proton-motive force?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What type of phosphorylation occurs during the citric acid cycle?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Where do the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis take place?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
What is the primary mechanism of ATP production in cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the net ATP yield from the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP
What is the byproduct of glycolysis that is used in the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate
What is the role of electron shuttles in the electron transport chain?
To span the mitochondrial inner membrane
How many molecules of ATP are produced per molecule of glucose degraded to CO2 and water by respiration?
32
What is the mechanism of ATP production in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the percentage of ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration?
90%
In which stage of cellular respiration is ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
What is the primary function of the proton-motive force?
To couple the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
How much of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration?
34%
What is the sequence of energy flow during cellular respiration?
Glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → proton-motive force → ATP
What is the primary location of the electron transport chain?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
What is the result of the energy harvest via NAD+ and the electron transport chain?
Generation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
How many ATP molecules are produced during cellular respiration?
32
Understand the concepts of oxidation and reduction in chemical reactions, including the roles of electron donors and receptors, and how they affect the reaction process. Learn about the examples of redox reactions, including the combustion of methane.
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