Environmental Path
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of an agent being considered toxic?

  • When signs of toxicity appear in 50% of the exposed population (correct)
  • When it is ingested by at least 50% of a population
  • When it reaches the lethal dose for 50% of the population
  • When it has no observable effect on the exposed population

    • What does the threshold effect refer to in toxicology?

  • The cumulative amount of drug after repeated exposures
  • The maximum amount of toxin the body can tolerate without symptoms
  • The average dosage expected to produce lethality
  • The minimum dose required to observe any effect (correct)

    • What are common portals of entry for a toxic agent?

  • Ingestion and contact with mucous membranes
  • Absorption and inhalation
  • Ingestion and inhalation (correct)
  • Inhalation and contact with skin

    • Which concept is similar to TD50/LD50 in toxicology?

    <p>Toxic dose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aligns with the objective of understanding etiologic agents in environmental pathology?

    <p>Identifying environmental causes of tumors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is environmental disease primarily caused by?

    <p>Chemical or physical agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major determinant of health?

    <p>Food and water quality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of reported occupational diseases were due to repeated trauma in the US?

    <p>64% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which occupational disease had the lowest reported number in the US?

    <p>Poisoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is classified under injury by physical agent?

    <p>Electrical injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of tobacco mentioned in the content?

    <p>Increased cancer risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury relates to atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Barotrauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is associated with health risks once inhaled?

    <p>Radon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way xenobiotics enter the body?

    <p>Through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pollutants are commonly identified as important air pollutants?

    <p>Ozone, sulfur dioxide, acid aerosols, and particles less than 10 μm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cytochrome P-450 system play in the metabolism of xenobiotics?

    <p>It converts xenobiotics into inactive or toxic metabolites. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant health risk associated with carbon monoxide (CO) exposure?

    <p>Systemic asphyxiation due to binding hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two-phase reaction process is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics?

    <p>Phase I and Phase II reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can environmental factors influence disease development?

    <p>By acting as stressors that impact immune function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT a way that toxins can be eliminated from the body?

    <p>Absorption into tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of indoor air pollutants?

    <p>They tend to accumulate and cause disease. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major health risks associated with smoking?

    <p>Increased risk of lung cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tobacco consumption affect the risk of cancer associated with alcohol?

    <p>It multiplies the risk of oral and esophageal cancers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does maternal smoking have on pregnancy outcomes?

    <p>Increased risk of spontaneous abortion and growth retardation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chronic respiratory conditions are linked to smoking?

    <p>Emphysema and chronic bronchitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual number of premature deaths in the USA due to tobacco use?

    <p>440,000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cardiovascular risk associated with tobacco use?

    <p>Development of atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of tobacco is particularly associated with oral cancers?

    <p>Smokeless tobacco (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of tobacco use while exposed to carcinogens like asbestos?

    <p>It multiplies the risk of lung cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a common cause of cancer related to toxic substances?

    <p>Tobacco smoke (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer type is commonly associated with tobacco use?

    <p>Squamous Cell Carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor might a non-smoker present with that resembles squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Poorly-differentiated type of tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically used to diagnose a non-smoker's cancer accurately?

    <p>Smoking history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant health-related monetary cost is attributed to preventable causes of death in the U.S.?

    <p>$150 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT linked to toxic waste exposure?

    <p>Allergic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is commonly found in toxic waste dumps and is known for its carcinogenic properties?

    <p>Vinyl Chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is regarded as the most preventable cause of death in the United States?

    <p>Tobacco use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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