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Questions and Answers
Which of the following diseases is directly associated with smoking?
Which of the following diseases is directly associated with smoking?
What condition is a result of alcohol abuse?
What condition is a result of alcohol abuse?
Which substance is primarily responsible for increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels?
Which substance is primarily responsible for increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels?
Which of the following conditions is not a consequence of malnutrition?
Which of the following conditions is not a consequence of malnutrition?
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What is the estimated number of deaths caused by addictive drugs annually?
What is the estimated number of deaths caused by addictive drugs annually?
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Which of the following cancers is particularly associated with smoking?
Which of the following cancers is particularly associated with smoking?
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What is the primary health consequence of obesity related to dietary intake?
What is the primary health consequence of obesity related to dietary intake?
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Which factor does not contribute to malnutrition?
Which factor does not contribute to malnutrition?
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Which condition is characterized by a backward bending of the spine in infants?
Which condition is characterized by a backward bending of the spine in infants?
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What is the likely outcome of untreated calcium deficiency in infants during the first two years of life?
What is the likely outcome of untreated calcium deficiency in infants during the first two years of life?
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What phenomenon is described by the thickening of the epiphyseal cartilage plate?
What phenomenon is described by the thickening of the epiphyseal cartilage plate?
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Which skeletal abnormality is NOT typically associated with rickets?
Which skeletal abnormality is NOT typically associated with rickets?
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Which term describes the beaded appearance at the costochondral junction due to osteoid masses?
Which term describes the beaded appearance at the costochondral junction due to osteoid masses?
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What is the primary consequence of vitamin D deficiency in infants?
What is the primary consequence of vitamin D deficiency in infants?
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Which skeletal deformity involves lateral bending of the spine?
Which skeletal deformity involves lateral bending of the spine?
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Which condition is associated with cranial flattening due to softening of the occipital bones?
Which condition is associated with cranial flattening due to softening of the occipital bones?
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What kind of injury results from prolonged exposure to high temperatures?
What kind of injury results from prolonged exposure to high temperatures?
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Which of the following is NOT a health effect associated with air pollution?
Which of the following is NOT a health effect associated with air pollution?
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Which nutritional deficiency is associated with rickets?
Which nutritional deficiency is associated with rickets?
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What is a possible outcome of lead poisoning?
What is a possible outcome of lead poisoning?
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Which of the following chemicals is known for causing CNS depression?
Which of the following chemicals is known for causing CNS depression?
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The leakage of which chemical gas was responsible for a major industrial disaster in Bhopal, India?
The leakage of which chemical gas was responsible for a major industrial disaster in Bhopal, India?
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Which condition is primarily characterized by severe cold exposure leading to gangrene?
Which condition is primarily characterized by severe cold exposure leading to gangrene?
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What is a common misconception regarding the relationship between environmental factors and health?
What is a common misconception regarding the relationship between environmental factors and health?
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What is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall?
What is the primary structural component of the fungal cell wall?
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Which of the following methods is NOT involved in the transmission of helminths?
Which of the following methods is NOT involved in the transmission of helminths?
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Which of the following describes an epidemic?
Which of the following describes an epidemic?
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What organism type includes Leishmania and Trichomonas vaginalis?
What organism type includes Leishmania and Trichomonas vaginalis?
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Which spread method refers to the spread of pathogens through the bloodstream?
Which spread method refers to the spread of pathogens through the bloodstream?
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What is the primary function of ectoparasites?
What is the primary function of ectoparasites?
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What distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic?
What distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic?
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Which type of microorganism contains multicellular organisms that can affect multiple systems?
Which type of microorganism contains multicellular organisms that can affect multiple systems?
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Which of the following best describes the structure of prions?
Which of the following best describes the structure of prions?
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What is the primary mechanism by which cytomegalic virus damages cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which cytomegalic virus damages cells?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by prions due to cannibalism?
Which of the following diseases is caused by prions due to cannibalism?
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What is the most common inclusion seen in cells infected by the Herpes 2 virus?
What is the most common inclusion seen in cells infected by the Herpes 2 virus?
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What role do cytotoxic T lymphocytes play in viral infections?
What role do cytotoxic T lymphocytes play in viral infections?
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Which virus is associated with benign warts and cervical carcinoma?
Which virus is associated with benign warts and cervical carcinoma?
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How do bacteria typically damage host cells?
How do bacteria typically damage host cells?
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What characteristic defines a latent viral infection?
What characteristic defines a latent viral infection?
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Study Notes
Environmental Pathology
- Environmental factors play a significant role in disease development.
- Environmental diseases are caused by exposure to physical or chemical agents in the environment, including workplace, personal, and ambient environments.
- Nutritional diseases are also considered environmental.
- Age, genetics, and allergies also influence disease development.
Health Effects of Climate Change
- Climate change has major impacts on human health.
Environmental Injury Examples
- Methyl mercury contamination in Minamata Bay, Japan (1960s)
- Leakage of methyl isocyanate gas in Bhopal, India (1984)
- Chernobyl nuclear accident (1986) in Ukraine
- Fukushima nuclear meltdown following tsunami (2011) in Japan
- Lead poisoning from contaminated drinking water in Flint, Michigan (2016)
Physical Injuries
- Radiation Injury: Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause a range of health problems, including cancer.
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Temperature Injury:
- Heat stroke: Exposure to high temperatures leads to excessive sweating, vasodilation, dehydration, and potential organ damage.
- Frostbite: Exposure to extreme cold causes vasoconstriction, capillary thrombi and potential gangrene.
- Electric Injury: Can lead to skin burns, bone fractures, organ rupture, cardiac or respiratory dysfunctions, and death
Chemical Injuries
- Carbon Monoxide: CNS depression
- Insecticides: CNS disturbances, arrhythmias, infertility
- Lead Poisoning: Neurological symptoms and anemia
- Methyl Alcohol: Toxic to brain and retina
- Chemical Carcinogens: Cause cancer
Air Pollution
- Air pollution sources include gases, fumes, fibers, dust, bacteria, etc.
- Effects of Air Pollution:
- Inflammations: Conjunctivitis, bronchitis, dermatitis
- Immunological Disorders and Allergies: Bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, hay fever
- Pneumocniosis: Chronic granulomatous lung disease due to inhaled particles (e.g. silicosis)
- Carcinogens: Leads to cancer
Smoking
- Tobacco smoking is a toxic and carcinogenic mixture of over 5,000 chemicals.
- It is estimated that more than 7 million deaths are caused by tobacco smoking each year.
- Major health consequences include:
- Atherosclerosis: Coronary heart disease, ischemic lesions in organs
- Buerger’s disease: Thromboangiitis obliterans
- Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD): Chronic bronchitis, emphysema
- Cancer: Bronchogenic carcinoma, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, and others
- Maternal Smoking: Fetal hypoxia
- Decreased Fertility: In both males and females
Alcohol Abuse
- Alcohol abuse contributes to various health problems, including:
- Liver Disease: Steatosis, Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (ASH), cirrhosis
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Gastritis, pancreatitis
- Nervous System: Peripheral neuritis
- Reproductive Issues: Testicular atrophy
- Cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease
- Cancer: Oropharyngeal and hepatic cancers
- Death: 3 million deaths annually
Addictive Drugs
- Bango: Disturbed psychology, adverse behaviors, pulmonary and immunological symptoms
- Cocaine: Increases dopamine and norepinephrine leading to euphoria, arrhythmias, and mental changes
- Heroin: Leads to behavioral changes, organ damage, angitis, peripheral neuritis, and transmission of infections (AIDS, infective endocarditis, Hepatitis, meningitis, encephalitis)
Malnutrition
- Obesity: Overweight due to dietary over-intake, genetic predisposition, lack of exercise, endocrine disorders, certain medications.
-
Undernutrition: Deficiency in nutrients, includes:
- Protein Deficiency: Kwashiorkor, Marasmus
- Vitamin Deficiency: Scurvy, Beriberi, Pellagra, Rickets, Osteomalacia
Rickets
- Definition: A childhood bone disorder due to Vitamin D deficiency.
-
Etiology:
- Vitamin D deficiency: Mostly due to lack of sunlight exposure
- Chronic renal disease (renal rickets)
- Calcium and phosphorus deficiency
- Hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets (X-linked dominant)
-
Pathogenesis:
- Cartilage hypertrophy leading to rachitic metaphysis, costochondral hypertrophy
- Osteoid formation without proper ossification
-
Skeletal Lesions:
- Skull: Delayed closure of fontanelles, delayed tooth eruption, craniotabes, bossing of frontal and parietal bones
- Vertebrae: Dorsal kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, scoliosis
- Chest: Rosary chest, Harrison's sulcus, pigeon chest
- Long Bones: Bowing of weight-bearing bones, pathological fractures, rachitic metaphysis
- Pelvis: Narrowed contracted trefoil pelvis
Osteomalacia
- Definition: Adult form of rickets, characterized by softening of bones due to inadequate mineralization.
- Etiology: Similar to rickets, but occurs in adults.
Infectious Diseases
-
Types of Infectious Agents:
- Prions: Misfolded proteins that cause degenerative neurological diseases (e.g. Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
- Viruses: Intracellular obligate parasites that can cause various illnesses. Examples: Cytomegalovirus, Herpes 2 Virus, Smallpox, Rabies, Poliovirus, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- Bacteria: Prokaryotes that can cause infection through various mechanisms (e.g. producing toxins or by directly damaging tissues). Examples: Rickettsia prowazekii (plague)
- Fungi: Eukaryotic microorganisms that can cause infections in various parts of the body. Examples: Yeasts, molds, mushrooms
- Protozoa: Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can cause various diseases. Examples: Leishmania, Trichomonas vaginalis
- Helminths (worms): Multi-systemic parasites that can infect different organs and tissues.
- Insects and Arachnids (Ectoparasites): Live on the external surface of the host.
- Microbiome (Normal Flora): Microorganisms normally present in the body, usually beneficial.
Transmission of Infections
-
Routes of Transmission:
- Skin contact
- Inhalation
- Fecal-oral route
- Sexual transmission
- Insect bite or animal bites
- Intravenous (IV) in drug abusers
- Vertical transmission (from mother to child)
- Zoonotic transmission (from animals to humans)
Spread of Infections
-
Spread Through the Body (Dissemination):
- Lymphatic Spread
- Direct invasion and lysis of tissues
- Blood Spread
- Neural Spread
- Natural Passage
- Cell-to-cell
Terms Related to Infections
- Endemic: Constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a geographic area.
- Epidemic: Occurrence of a disease or outbreak in excess of expectancy within a community or region.
- Pandemic: A widespread epidemic affecting a large proportion of the population, occurring across a large geographic area.
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between environmental factors and disease development, highlighting examples of environmental injuries and their impacts on human health. It also examines the health effects of climate change and specific catastrophic events that led to significant health issues. Test your knowledge on how environmental influences contribute to health risks.
