B1-05.03 DATA CONVERSION

In a non-inverting amplifier configuration, where is the input signal applied?

What components form the voltage divider circuit in the negative feedback loop of a non-inverting amplifier?

What is the gain of an inverting amplifier with equal input ($R_1$) and feedback ($R_f$) resistors?

An inverting amplifier with a gain of -1 can also be known as what?

What is a common application of DACs (Digital-to-Analogue Converters) in electronics?

In a non-inverting amplifier, if $R_1$ is 1kΩ and $R_2$ is 9kΩ, what is the voltage gain of the amplifier?

Consider an inverting amplifier circuit. If the input voltage ($V_{in}$) is 2V and the feedback resistor ($R_f$) is twice the input resistor ($R_1$), what is the output voltage ($V_{out}$)?

In a digital system, what does the acronym LSB stand for?

What is the primary function of an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)?

What is the primary distinction between analogue and digital data?

Which of the following is a characteristic of Flash ADCs?

Which of the following correctly orders the components in a typical system that interfaces a computer to the analogue world?

In a Flash ADC, what is the purpose of the resistor ladder network?

What is the role of a transducer in a data conversion system?

What additional digital component is required in flash ADC other than an array of comparators?

What is the primary disadvantage of Flash ADCs that limits their use in high-resolution applications?

What is the main function of an Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)?

An engineer is designing a system to monitor the temperature of a chemical reaction. Which component is directly responsible for converting the temperature into an electrical signal suitable for an ADC?

An analog voltage is sampled by a 3-bit Flash ADC with a reference voltage ($V_{ref}$) of 8V. What is the voltage resolution (the smallest detectable voltage change) of this ADC?

In a control system, an actuator receives its input from which component?

A Flash ADC is used to convert an analog signal ranging from 0V to 15V into a 4-bit digital code at an extremely fast rate. However, due to a manufacturing defect, one of the comparators consistently outputs a 'high' signal irrespective of the input voltage. Assuming this defect does not affect the reference voltages, what is the most likely consequence of this fault on the ADC's output?

A scientist is using a high-precision ADC with a known limitation: its conversion rate significantly decreases with higher input voltage frequencies. To accurately capture rapidly changing analogue signals, what adjustment should the scientist consider to mitigate this limitation, assuming no alternative ADC is available?

An engineer is tasked with designing a system to convert analogue sensor readings into digital data for a microcontroller, but faces a unique constraint: the available power budget is extremely limited. Considering solely the core conversion process and assuming all components are ideal except where stated, which of the following ADC architectures would likely offer the best balance between conversion speed, resolution, and power consumption?

What is the primary advantage of using an R/2R ladder DAC over a binary weighted resistor DAC?

In an R/2R ladder DAC, what is the resulting resistance when two 2R resistors are placed in parallel?

If a 12-bit binary weighted resistor DAC has an MSB resistor of 1 k, approximately what would be the value of the LSB resistor?

In the provided 4-bit R/2R ladder DAC, what output voltage ($V_{out}$) would you expect if the digital input is 0101, assuming each bit contributes -0.625V?

For a 4-bit R/2R ladder DAC, with inputs labeled D, C, B, and A (where A is the LSB), what input combination would result in an output voltage (Vout) of -6.250V?

What is the equivalent resistance seen looking into any node of an infinitely long R/2R ladder?

A 4-bit R/2R ladder DAC with a 1k resistor at the output has a full-scale output voltage of -10V. If the resistor is replaced with a 2k resistor but everything else remains the same, what is the new full-scale output voltage?

An R/2R ladder DAC is constructed with resistors having a tolerance of 1%. What is the worst-case percentage error in the output voltage due solely to resistor tolerance, assuming all resistors deviate in the direction that maximizes the error?

What is a key advantage of the flash ADC design described?

In the 3-bit flash ADC example, what is the digital output (A, B, C) when the analog input voltage ($V_A$) is 2 volts?

For the 3-bit flash ADC described, what is the state of the comparators (C7-C1) and the digital output (A, B, C) for an analog input voltage ($V_A$) of 5 volts?

A modification is made to the 3-bit flash ADC such that the resistor between C4 and C5 is replaced with a potentiometer. This allows for fine-tuning of which voltage range?

Imagine the resistors in the 3-bit flash ADC circuit are replaced with temperature-sensitive resistors (thermistors) that decrease in resistance as temperature increases. If the ambient temperature increases significantly, what effect would this have on the ADC's transfer function, assuming $V_A$ remains constant?

What is a significant drawback of using a flash ADC with an increasing number of binary bits?

In a flash ADC encoder, what type of gates can be used to realize the highest-order-input selection effect, allowing for a simpler, non-priority encoder?

What primarily limits the speed of flash ADC technologies?

What is a often overlooked advantage of flash converters?

In the context of the analogue fuel sender example, how can unequal resistor values in the divider network be used?

How does using XOR gates in a flash ADC encoder simplify the design compared to using a priority encoder?

Consider a flash ADC used in an application where precise measurements are critical, but the input signal's frequency is variable. Which of the following strategies would best address the trade-off between resolution and conversion time?

A flash ADC is designed with a custom resistor network to map a non-linear sensor response to a linear digital output. The sensor's output characteristic follows the equation $V_{out} = k \sqrt{x}$, where $x$ is the measured quantity, and $k$ is a constant. To achieve a perfectly linear mapping from $x$ to the digital output, what relationship should the resistor values $R_i$ in the ADC's voltage divider network follow, assuming each resistor corresponds to an increment of $x$?

Analogue Data

Digital Data

ADC and DAC

Transducer

Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC)

Digital-to-Analogue Converter (DAC)

Analogue Signal

Digital Signal

Non-Inverting Amplifier

Negative Feedback in Amplifiers

Inverting Amplifier

Inverting Amplifier w/ Gain of -1

Op-Amp

Non-inverting amplifier input

Inverting amplifier input

Flash ADC

Comparator Count

Exclusive-OR (XOR) gates

Propagation Delays

Component Intensive

Scaled Output

Non-Linear Conversion

Proportional Response

Nonlinear ADC Response

Priority Encoder

3-Bit ADC: 4V Input

3-Bit ADC: 5V Input

R/2R Ladder DAC

Temperature Stability in R/2R DAC

Parallel Resistance in R/2R

Input Voltages in R/2R DAC

Output Voltage Step

LSB meaning

MSB meaning

DAC meaning?

MSB

LSB

Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC)

Digital-Ramp ADC

Comparator

Resistor Ladder

Logic Encoding Gate