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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcitriol?
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcitriol?
What is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
What is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
Which factor is NOT associated with vitamin D deficiency?
Which factor is NOT associated with vitamin D deficiency?
What condition results from chronic renal failure and leads to a decreased ability to form active vitamin D?
What condition results from chronic renal failure and leads to a decreased ability to form active vitamin D?
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What is a symptom of hypervitaminosis D?
What is a symptom of hypervitaminosis D?
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Which form of vitamin D is primarily measured to assess nutritional status?
Which form of vitamin D is primarily measured to assess nutritional status?
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What is the active form of vitamin D known as?
What is the active form of vitamin D known as?
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Which vitamin E component is the most active?
Which vitamin E component is the most active?
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Which vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
Which vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
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What is required for the digestion of fat soluble vitamins?
What is required for the digestion of fat soluble vitamins?
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Which food sources are rich in fat soluble vitamins?
Which food sources are rich in fat soluble vitamins?
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What characterizes water soluble vitamins compared to fat soluble vitamins?
What characterizes water soluble vitamins compared to fat soluble vitamins?
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Which vitamin is chemically known as retinol?
Which vitamin is chemically known as retinol?
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What plays a significant role in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
What plays a significant role in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding water soluble vitamins?
Which of the following statements is true regarding water soluble vitamins?
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Which of the following is a product of β-carotene?
Which of the following is a product of β-carotene?
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Which of the following foods is a rich source of thiamine?
Which of the following foods is a rich source of thiamine?
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What is one of the primary functions of thiamine?
What is one of the primary functions of thiamine?
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What condition is caused by thiamine deficiency?
What condition is caused by thiamine deficiency?
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Which type of beri-beri primarily affects the cardiovascular system?
Which type of beri-beri primarily affects the cardiovascular system?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with dry beri-beri?
Which symptom is NOT associated with dry beri-beri?
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What syndrome is related to chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency?
What syndrome is related to chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency?
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What is a common symptom of infantile beriberi?
What is a common symptom of infantile beriberi?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of thiamine?
Which of the following is NOT a function of thiamine?
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What is the primary role of Vitamin E in cellular membranes?
What is the primary role of Vitamin E in cellular membranes?
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How does Vitamin E support reproductive functions?
How does Vitamin E support reproductive functions?
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What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin E?
What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin E?
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What source is particularly high in Vitamin E?
What source is particularly high in Vitamin E?
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Which form of Vitamin E is most commonly measured in laboratories?
Which form of Vitamin E is most commonly measured in laboratories?
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What role does Vitamin K play in the body?
What role does Vitamin K play in the body?
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Which vitamin is produced by intestinal bacteria?
Which vitamin is produced by intestinal bacteria?
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What is a rare symptom of Vitamin E toxicity?
What is a rare symptom of Vitamin E toxicity?
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What is used to measure thiamine deficiency?
What is used to measure thiamine deficiency?
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What percentage increase in transketolase activity after adding TPP indicates thiamine deficiency?
What percentage increase in transketolase activity after adding TPP indicates thiamine deficiency?
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Which of the following is a source of riboflavin?
Which of the following is a source of riboflavin?
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What condition is NOT commonly associated with riboflavin deficiency?
What condition is NOT commonly associated with riboflavin deficiency?
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What is one of the biologically active forms of riboflavin?
What is one of the biologically active forms of riboflavin?
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Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?
Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?
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Which vitamin is known to be readily destroyed by ultraviolet sunlight?
Which vitamin is known to be readily destroyed by ultraviolet sunlight?
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What are the two types of niacin?
What are the two types of niacin?
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Study Notes
Overview of Vitamins
- Essential organic nutrients required in small amounts for various biochemical functions.
- Cannot be synthesized by the body; must be obtained through diet.
- Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C).
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Require bile acids for digestion and are transported in blood as chylomicrons to the liver.
- Efficient absorption depends on normal fat absorption; stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
- Higher risk of toxicity compared to deficiencies.
- Good sources include fatty foods and liver.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- Generally non-toxic; must be continuously supplied in the diet.
- Stored in small amounts; greater loss occurs via urinary excretion.
- Function primarily as coenzymes in enzymatic reactions.
Vitamin A
- Derived from β-carotene and is chemically known as retinol.
- Sources include animal-derived foods (meat, liver, fish oils) and fortified products (milk, margarine).
- Important for maintaining plasma calcium levels (normal range: 9-11 mg/dl).
Vitamin D Functions and Deficiency
- Deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Causes include insufficient dietary intake, limited sunlight exposure, absorption issues, and abnormal conversion to active metabolites.
- Chronic renal failure can lead to renal rickets due to inadequate active vitamin D formation.
Symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Characterized by bowed legs and beaded ribs in rickets.
Hypervitaminosis D
- Toxic effects include bone resorption and hypercalcemia.
- Symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, increased thirst, and weight loss.
- Key measurements include serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3.
Vitamin E
- Composed of eight tocopherols; α-tocopherol is the most active form.
- Acts as a terminal electron acceptor in cell membranes and protects against lipid peroxidation.
- Major sources are oils (especially wheat germ oil), nuts, meat, milk, and eggs.
- Deficiency symptoms include increased fragility of erythrocytes and minor neurological issues.
Vitamin K
- Exists as phylloquinone (K1, from plants) and menaquinone (K2, produced by intestinal bacteria).
- Plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone matrix formation, with sources including pork, whole grains, and legumes.
Thiamine (Vitamin B₁)
- Acts as a co-enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and branched-chain amino acid metabolism.
- Deficiency leads to ‘beri-beri’, affecting organs with high aerobic metabolism, notably the heart and nervous system.
- Symptoms include wet beri-beri (cardiovascular issues) and dry beri-beri (neurological symptoms).
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Associated with chronic alcoholism, resulting from dietary insufficiency or impaired absorption, causing memory loss and ocular symptoms.
Measurement of Thiamine
- Evaluated by transketolase activity in erythrocytes; deficiency indicated by >25% increase after TPP addition.
- Detection methods include HPLC.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂)
- Exists in active forms: FMN and FAD, which are crucial for oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Sources include milk, liver, eggs, and leafy vegetables.
- Deficiency may cause dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis; not associated with major diseases.
Niacin (Vitamin B₃)
- Composed of two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of vitamins, highlighting their essential roles as organic nutrients and their classifications as fat-soluble and water-soluble. You'll learn about their digestion, absorption, and storage in the body, alongside potential toxicity risks. Test your knowledge on the critical functions these nutrients serve in maintaining health.
