Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcitriol?
What is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency in adults?
Which factor is NOT associated with vitamin D deficiency?
What condition results from chronic renal failure and leads to a decreased ability to form active vitamin D?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a symptom of hypervitaminosis D?
Signup and view all the answers
Which form of vitamin D is primarily measured to assess nutritional status?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the active form of vitamin D known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin E component is the most active?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamins are classified as fat soluble?
Signup and view all the answers
What is required for the digestion of fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which food sources are rich in fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes water soluble vitamins compared to fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is chemically known as retinol?
Signup and view all the answers
What plays a significant role in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements is true regarding water soluble vitamins?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a product of β-carotene?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following foods is a rich source of thiamine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary functions of thiamine?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is caused by thiamine deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of beri-beri primarily affects the cardiovascular system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which symptom is NOT associated with dry beri-beri?
Signup and view all the answers
What syndrome is related to chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common symptom of infantile beriberi?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of thiamine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of Vitamin E in cellular membranes?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Vitamin E support reproductive functions?
Signup and view all the answers
What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin E?
Signup and view all the answers
What source is particularly high in Vitamin E?
Signup and view all the answers
Which form of Vitamin E is most commonly measured in laboratories?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does Vitamin K play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is produced by intestinal bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a rare symptom of Vitamin E toxicity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is used to measure thiamine deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage increase in transketolase activity after adding TPP indicates thiamine deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a source of riboflavin?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is NOT commonly associated with riboflavin deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the biologically active forms of riboflavin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?
Signup and view all the answers
Which vitamin is known to be readily destroyed by ultraviolet sunlight?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of niacin?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Overview of Vitamins
- Essential organic nutrients required in small amounts for various biochemical functions.
- Cannot be synthesized by the body; must be obtained through diet.
- Classified as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C).
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
- Require bile acids for digestion and are transported in blood as chylomicrons to the liver.
- Efficient absorption depends on normal fat absorption; stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
- Higher risk of toxicity compared to deficiencies.
- Good sources include fatty foods and liver.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
- Generally non-toxic; must be continuously supplied in the diet.
- Stored in small amounts; greater loss occurs via urinary excretion.
- Function primarily as coenzymes in enzymatic reactions.
Vitamin A
- Derived from β-carotene and is chemically known as retinol.
- Sources include animal-derived foods (meat, liver, fish oils) and fortified products (milk, margarine).
- Important for maintaining plasma calcium levels (normal range: 9-11 mg/dl).
Vitamin D Functions and Deficiency
- Deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
- Causes include insufficient dietary intake, limited sunlight exposure, absorption issues, and abnormal conversion to active metabolites.
- Chronic renal failure can lead to renal rickets due to inadequate active vitamin D formation.
Symptoms of Vitamin D Deficiency
- Characterized by bowed legs and beaded ribs in rickets.
Hypervitaminosis D
- Toxic effects include bone resorption and hypercalcemia.
- Symptoms: loss of appetite, nausea, increased thirst, and weight loss.
- Key measurements include serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3.
Vitamin E
- Composed of eight tocopherols; α-tocopherol is the most active form.
- Acts as a terminal electron acceptor in cell membranes and protects against lipid peroxidation.
- Major sources are oils (especially wheat germ oil), nuts, meat, milk, and eggs.
- Deficiency symptoms include increased fragility of erythrocytes and minor neurological issues.
Vitamin K
- Exists as phylloquinone (K1, from plants) and menaquinone (K2, produced by intestinal bacteria).
- Plays a crucial role in blood clotting and bone matrix formation, with sources including pork, whole grains, and legumes.
Thiamine (Vitamin B₁)
- Acts as a co-enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and branched-chain amino acid metabolism.
- Deficiency leads to ‘beri-beri’, affecting organs with high aerobic metabolism, notably the heart and nervous system.
- Symptoms include wet beri-beri (cardiovascular issues) and dry beri-beri (neurological symptoms).
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Associated with chronic alcoholism, resulting from dietary insufficiency or impaired absorption, causing memory loss and ocular symptoms.
Measurement of Thiamine
- Evaluated by transketolase activity in erythrocytes; deficiency indicated by >25% increase after TPP addition.
- Detection methods include HPLC.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B₂)
- Exists in active forms: FMN and FAD, which are crucial for oxidation-reduction reactions.
- Sources include milk, liver, eggs, and leafy vegetables.
- Deficiency may cause dermatitis, cheilosis, and glossitis; not associated with major diseases.
Niacin (Vitamin B₃)
- Composed of two forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz provides an overview of vitamins, highlighting their essential roles as organic nutrients and their classifications as fat-soluble and water-soluble. You'll learn about their digestion, absorption, and storage in the body, alongside potential toxicity risks. Test your knowledge on the critical functions these nutrients serve in maintaining health.
