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Questions and Answers
What is a primary characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes?
Which of the following is a commonly recognized risk factor for developing Type 2 Diabetes?
What is the fasting plasma glucose level that indicates diabetes?
Which lifestyle modification is recommended for managing Type 2 Diabetes?
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Which medication is typically considered the first-line treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?
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What symptom can be indicative of Type 2 Diabetes?
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Which complication is specifically linked to long-term uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes?
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Which dietary choice can aid in the prevention of Type 2 Diabetes?
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Study Notes
Overview of Type 2 Diabetes
- Chronic condition affecting how the body metabolizes glucose.
- Characterized by insulin resistance and/or inadequate insulin secretion.
Risk Factors
- Genetic: Family history of diabetes.
- Age: Increased risk after 45 years.
- Weight: Obesity, particularly abdominal fat.
- Physical Inactivity: Sedentary lifestyle.
- Ethnicity: Higher prevalence in certain populations (e.g., African American, Hispanic, Native American).
- Diet: High intake of processed foods, sugary beverages, and unhealthy fats.
Pathophysiology
- Insulin Resistance: Body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin.
- Beta-Cell Dysfunction: Impaired insulin secretion from pancreas over time.
- Increased Glucose Production: Liver produces more glucose inappropriately.
Symptoms
- Increased thirst (polydipsia).
- Frequent urination (polyuria).
- Increased hunger (polyphagia).
- Fatigue.
- Blurred vision.
- Slow-healing wounds or frequent infections.
Diagnosis
- Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: ≥ 126 mg/dL.
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: ≥ 200 mg/dL after 2 hours.
- A1C Test: ≥ 6.5% for diabetes diagnosis.
Management
-
Lifestyle Modifications:
- Diet: Balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Exercise: Regular physical activity (150 minutes/week recommended).
- Weight management: Loss of 5-10% of body weight can improve control.
-
Medication:
- Metformin: First-line oral medication.
- Other options: Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors.
-
Monitoring:
- Regular blood glucose monitoring.
- Periodic A1C tests to assess long-term control.
- Check-ups for complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy).
Complications
- Short-term: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia.
-
Long-term:
- Cardiovascular disease.
- Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy).
- Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy).
- Eye problems (diabetic retinopathy).
- Increased risk of foot injuries and infections.
Prevention
- Healthy eating: Emphasis on fiber and whole foods.
- Regular physical activity: Maintain a healthy weight.
- Regular health check-ups to monitor risk factors.
Type 2 Diabetes Overview
- Chronic condition affecting how the body utilizes glucose
- Characterized by insulin resistance and/or inadequate insulin secretion
Risk Factors
- Genetic: Family history of diabetes increases risk
- Age: Risk increases after 45 years
- Weight: Obesity, particularly abdominal fat, raises risk
- Physical Inactivity: Sedentary lifestyle contributes to risk
- Ethnicity: Certain populations, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, have a higher prevalence
- Diet: High intake of processed foods, sugary beverages, and unhealthy fats increases risk
Pathophysiology
- Insulin Resistance: Body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin
- Beta-Cell Dysfunction: Impaired insulin secretion from pancreas develops over time
- Increased Glucose Production: Liver produces excess glucose inappropriately
Symptoms
- Increased thirst (polydipsia)
- Frequent urination (polyuria)
- Increased hunger (polyphagia)
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds or frequent infections
Diagnosis
- Fasting Plasma Glucose Test: A value of ≥ 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes
- Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: A value of ≥ 200 mg/dL after 2 hours indicates diabetes
- A1C Test: A value of ≥ 6.5% indicates diabetes
Management
-
Lifestyle Modifications:
- Diet: Balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats
- Exercise: Regular physical activity (150 minutes/week recommended)
- Weight management: Loss of 5-10% of body weight can significantly improve control
-
Medication:
- Metformin: First-line oral medication
- Other options: Sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors
-
Monitoring:
- Regular blood glucose monitoring
- Periodic A1C tests to assess long-term control
- Check-ups for complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy)
Complications
- Short-term: Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia
-
Long-term:
- Cardiovascular disease
- Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy)
- Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy)
- Eye problems (diabetic retinopathy)
- Increased risk of foot injuries and infections
Prevention
- Healthy eating: Emphasis on fiber and whole foods
- Regular physical activity: Maintain a healthy weight
- Regular health check-ups to monitor risk factors
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Description
This quiz explores the essentials of Type 2 Diabetes, a chronic condition affecting glucose metabolism. It covers risk factors, pathophysiology, and symptoms that characterize this prevalent disease. Enhance your understanding of this condition and its impact on health.
