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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT considered an external defense of the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT considered an external defense of the immune system?
Natural killer cells are considered part of the innate immune response.
Natural killer cells are considered part of the innate immune response.
True
Name one chemical released from cells during an immune response.
Name one chemical released from cells during an immune response.
histamine
The ______ system is responsible for lysis of pathogens.
The ______ system is responsible for lysis of pathogens.
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Match the following components of the immune response with their functions:
Match the following components of the immune response with their functions:
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What is the primary role of opsonins in the immune response?
What is the primary role of opsonins in the immune response?
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The complement system consists of roughly 30 serum proteins that can only function when activated by pathogens.
The complement system consists of roughly 30 serum proteins that can only function when activated by pathogens.
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Name one mechanism by which immune activation can lead to tissue damage.
Name one mechanism by which immune activation can lead to tissue damage.
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The process whereby neutrophils leave the bloodstream and enter tissues is known as __________.
The process whereby neutrophils leave the bloodstream and enter tissues is known as __________.
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Match the type of tissue damage to its source:
Match the type of tissue damage to its source:
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Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
Which type of lymphocyte is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
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The adaptive immune response develops before the innate immune response.
The adaptive immune response develops before the innate immune response.
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What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?
What is the role of memory cells in the immune system?
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The innate immune response is ______, meaning it does not rely on prior exposure to antigens.
The innate immune response is ______, meaning it does not rely on prior exposure to antigens.
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Match the following types of immune responses with their characteristics:
Match the following types of immune responses with their characteristics:
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Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?
Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?
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What are the two components of the adaptive immune response?
What are the two components of the adaptive immune response?
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The resolution of problems detected by the immune system involves developing memory cells.
The resolution of problems detected by the immune system involves developing memory cells.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the immune system?
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Antigens can be both microbial and normal host cells.
Antigens can be both microbial and normal host cells.
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What role do cytokines play in the immune system?
What role do cytokines play in the immune system?
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The primary organ responsible for the production of white blood cells is the ______.
The primary organ responsible for the production of white blood cells is the ______.
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Match the following immune system components with their functions:
Match the following immune system components with their functions:
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Which group of cytokines is known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes?
Which group of cytokines is known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes?
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The complement system is an effector molecule of the immune system.
The complement system is an effector molecule of the immune system.
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What does the abbreviation 'CD' stand for in identifying cells?
What does the abbreviation 'CD' stand for in identifying cells?
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Study Notes
Overview of the Immune System
- The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against harmful invaders, such as pathogens.
- This defense mechanism involves various responses including surveillance, communication, and effector responses.
- The overview discusses immune responses as innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific).
Three Lines of Immune Defense (Innate)
- Innate defenses provide the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Physical Barriers: Skin, mucus membranes, sweat, tears, and urine act as physical barriers, preventing pathogens from entering the body.
- Biochemical Barriers: Components such as stomach acid, digestive enzymes, defensins, interferons, lysozyme, and histamine contribute to the innate response. Commensal bacteria found on the skin and other surfaces also play a role.
- Cellular and Protein Defenses: Cells such as phagocytes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils) and natural killer cells recognize and eliminate pathogens by identifying and destroying harmful microbes with the aid of complement system proteins. The immune system also responds with inflammation to prevent the spread of infection, and fever to speed up white blood cell activity and counter viral replication.
Three Lines of Immune Defense (Adaptive)
- Adaptive immunity is a more specialized form of defense, involving specific responses to particular pathogens.
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Cell-mediated responses:
- B lymphocytes (cells) produce antibodies to target specific antigens. Some B cells remain as memory cells.
- T lymphocytes (cells), like helper T cells, killer T cells, and suppressor T cells, directly attack and eliminate infected cells and regulate other immune cells. Some T cells remain as memory cells to remember the infection.
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
- Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense.
- Adaptive immunity involves a more targeted response to particular pathogens; it takes longer to develop but provides memory.
- Innate defenses initiate an initial response, then adaptive immunity creates a more refined response that creates memory cells.
How Our Immune System Provides Defense
- Surveillance/Detection: The body monitors for signs of damage or infection.
- Communication: Cells communicate through contact and chemical messengers (cytokines and chemokines).
- Effector Response: The system activates to target antigens (attacking), either self or non-self.
- Resolution and Memory: The adaptive aspect of the immune system involves memory.
Major Players in the Immune System
- Cells: White blood cells (e.g., lymphocytes).
- Tissues/Organs: Skin, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT/GALT.
- Effector Molecules: Complement system proteins, cytokines, antibodies.
How Our Immune System Recognizes Antigens (Foreign invaders)
- Antigens come from microbes, proteins, carbohydrates, and other sources.
- Cells recognize specific antigens to initiate the immune response.
How Our Immune System Communicates: Cytokines, chemokines
- Cytokines: Low-molecular-weight proteins influencing cell communication, immune regulation, response amplification
- Chemokines: Low-molecular-weight proteins guiding cell movement during immune response
- Both types are crucial for immune cell coordination and activity.
How to Identify a Cell: CD Molecules
- CD markers: Cell surface molecules used to identify different types of immune cells.
- CD markers are vital diagnostic tools in evaluating different types of immune cells.
The Complement System
- Series of 30 serum proteins activated sequentially following infection.
- Leads to opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis), inflammation, and cell lysis.
Immune Activation Can Result in Tissue Damage
- Microbe-induced, or host-induced tissue damage can occur as part of an immune response.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential components and functions of the immune system, highlighting the distinction between innate and adaptive responses. It explores various defenses including physical barriers, biochemical barriers, and cellular defenses that work together to protect the body from pathogens. Test your knowledge on how these systems operate and their importance in immune function.
