Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT an external defense of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT an external defense of the innate immune system?
The complement system is primarily involved in the recognition of microbial patterns.
The complement system is primarily involved in the recognition of microbial patterns.
False
What role do natural killer cells play in the immune response?
What role do natural killer cells play in the immune response?
Surveillance and killing of infected or cancerous cells
The _____ is a defense mechanism that speeds up the activity of white blood cells and slows down viral replication.
The _____ is a defense mechanism that speeds up the activity of white blood cells and slows down viral replication.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the immune defenses with their descriptions:
Match the immune defenses with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What function do opsonins serve in the immune system?
What function do opsonins serve in the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
The complement system consists of approximately 10 serum proteins.
The complement system consists of approximately 10 serum proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
What are CD molecules and why are they important?
What are CD molecules and why are they important?
Signup and view all the answers
Tissue damage caused by microbial toxins is an example of _____ tissue damage.
Tissue damage caused by microbial toxins is an example of _____ tissue damage.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following immune system responses to their descriptions:
Match the following immune system responses to their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
Which of the following is primarily responsible for the humoral immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
Innate immunity is specific and develops over a person's lifetime.
Innate immunity is specific and develops over a person's lifetime.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immune memory is created from adaptive immune responses?
What type of immune memory is created from adaptive immune responses?
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ response of immunity involves immediate action against infections and is antigen-independent.
The _____ response of immunity involves immediate action against infections and is antigen-independent.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the immune system players with their functions:
Match the immune system players with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune response?
Signup and view all the answers
The adaptive immune response provides immediate maximal response.
The adaptive immune response provides immediate maximal response.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the immune system in surveillance?
What is the role of the immune system in surveillance?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organ is NOT a part of the immune system?
Which organ is NOT a part of the immune system?
Signup and view all the answers
Cytokines only have one specific function in the immune response.
Cytokines only have one specific function in the immune response.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'antigen' refer to?
What does the term 'antigen' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ system includes proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.
The __________ system includes proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:
Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of white blood cells are specifically involved in the identification and response to antigens?
Which type of white blood cells are specifically involved in the identification and response to antigens?
Signup and view all the answers
Chemokines and cytokines are the same and can be used interchangeably.
Chemokines and cytokines are the same and can be used interchangeably.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one type of effector molecule involved in the immune response.
Name one type of effector molecule involved in the immune response.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Overview of the Immune Response
- The immune system is a complex biological system that protects the body from harmful pathogens.
- Pathogens include viruses, toxins, carcinogens, fungi, bacteria, germs, and parasites.
- The immune system has two main branches: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate (Non-Specific) Immunity
Physical, Biochemical and Microbial Barriers
- External Defenses include skin, mucus membranes, hairs (cilia), sweat, tears, urine, and commensal bacteria.
- Internal Defenses include stomach acid, digestive enzymes, chemicals released from damaged tissues (defensins, interferons, lysozyme, histamine).
Cellular and Protein Defenses
- Cells recognize microbial patterns (PAMPs) through cell receptors (PRRs).
- Phagocytes engulf and destroy foreign matter.
- Natural killer cells monitor and eliminate foreign cells.
- Complement system: lysis of pathogens.
- Inflammation: attracts white blood cells to the infected area and prevents spread of infection.
- Fever: speeds up white blood cell activity and slows down viral replication.
Adaptive (Specific) Immunity (Cell-mediated Responses)
- Adaptive Immunity develops later and requires activation of lymphocytes.
- B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow and produce antibodies.
- T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and have helper, killer, and suppressor roles.
- Memory cells are crucial for faster responses to subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
- Innate immunity provides the initial defense (1st and 2nd line).
- Adaptive immunity develops later (3rd line).
- Innate immunity includes epithelial barriers, phagocytes, dendritic cells, NK cells, and complement system.
- Adaptive immunity involves B lymphocytes that produce antibodies and T lymphocytes for cell-mediated responses.
- Immune responses take place over hours to days.
Innate vs Adaptive Responses
- Innate immunity: non-specific, present from birth, immediate maximal response, no immunological memory.
- Adaptive immunity: specific, develops over a lifetime, antigen dependent, lag time before maximal response, immunological memory.
How Our Immune System Provides Defense
- Surveillance/Detection: watches the body for signs of damage and patterns.
- Communication: cell-to-cell contact, chemical messengers (cytokines, chemokines).
- Elicit effector response: attacking antigens and sometimes self antigens (autoimmunity).
- Resolution and Memory: resolution of problems detected. Memory is only in adaptive responses.
Major Players in the Immune System
- Cells: white blood cells (leukocytes)
- Tissues/Organs: skin, bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT/GALT
- Effector Molecules: complement system proteins, cytokines, antibodies, others.
Components of the Immune System
- Lymph nodes: recognize and eliminate pathogens
- Respiratory system: moves mucus and contaminants
- Spleen: assists the body in protecting itself against bacterial infections
- Stomach and intestines: stomach acid kills harmful bacteria; antibodies attack pathogens.
- Skin: forms a barrier against pathogens
- Other listed cell groups and their roles
Immune System Recognition of Antigens
- Antigens: substances that react with the immune system and trigger a response.
- Neoplastic or normal host cells, microbial proteins and carbohydrates, environmental factors (pollen, animal dander).
How Our Immune System Communicates: Cytokines
- Cytokines are low-molecular-weight proteins secreted by various cell types.
- Involved in cell-to-cell communication, coordinate antibody and T cell responses, and amplify immune reactivity.
- Include colony-stimulating factors (CSF), interferons (IFN), interleukins (IL), and lymphokines, which are secreted by lymphocytes.
How Our Immune System Communicates: Chemokines
- Important to note: chemokines are a type of cytokine.
- Chemokines are low-molecular-weight proteins that induce chemotaxis (movement) or chemokinesis (increased motility) in leukocytes.
- They function as regulators of the immune system.
How to Identify a Cell: CD Molecules
- CD Molecules (Clusters of Differentiation) are cell surface proteins used to identify cell types.
- Identified in vitro (test tube) and in vivo (living organism).
The Complement System (Aka Complement)
- Series of ~30 serum proteins.
- Activated sequentially after infection.
- Leads to formation of opsonins (proteins that enhance phagocytosis), acute inflammation, and cell lysis, killing extracellular microbes.
Immune Activation Can Result in Tissue Damage
- Tissue damage can be caused by the microbe itself, cell lysis by microbes, microbial toxins, and host inflammatory responses.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the essential components and functions of the immune system in this quiz. Understand the distinctions between innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the various barriers and cellular defenses that protect the body from pathogens. Test your knowledge on how the body responds to infections and foreign substances.
