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Questions and Answers
Why was it important for Spain to be seen as pious in the 1490s?
Why was it important for Spain to be seen as pious in the 1490s?
Because the Catholic Church was very powerful in Europe, it was advantageous to be seen as pious as it strengthened Ferdinand and Isabella's power and influence. For example, the Church supported crusades which the Spanish monarchs could finance for political gain.
In the late 1400s, why was Columbus so keen to find a new sea route to the East Indies?
In the late 1400s, why was Columbus so keen to find a new sea route to the East Indies?
What were the reasons that made Spain's success as an empire so dependent upon the discovery of large quantities of gold?
What were the reasons that made Spain's success as an empire so dependent upon the discovery of large quantities of gold?
Columbus's voyages were all successful, and were not met with any resistance from other countries, such as Portugal.
Columbus's voyages were all successful, and were not met with any resistance from other countries, such as Portugal.
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What were the benefits of the Spanish settlement in the New World for Spain and Spain's power in Europe?
What were the benefits of the Spanish settlement in the New World for Spain and Spain's power in Europe?
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What did the Spanish government do to ensure that Spain had complete control over trade with the New World?
What did the Spanish government do to ensure that Spain had complete control over trade with the New World?
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What was a primary motive for the conquistadors’ exploration of the New World?
What was a primary motive for the conquistadors’ exploration of the New World?
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Which notable silver mining town was established in Bolivia?
Which notable silver mining town was established in Bolivia?
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What process was used to extract silver from ore?
What process was used to extract silver from ore?
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What impact did the discovery of silver have on Spanish government policies?
What impact did the discovery of silver have on Spanish government policies?
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What was one result of the mining towns developing rapidly?
What was one result of the mining towns developing rapidly?
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What was the fate of the silver bullion sent back to Spain?
What was the fate of the silver bullion sent back to Spain?
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What facilitated increased colonization in the New World?
What facilitated increased colonization in the New World?
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How did the discovery of silver affect labor practices in mining towns?
How did the discovery of silver affect labor practices in mining towns?
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What was the immediate consequence of Atahuallpa's execution in 1533?
What was the immediate consequence of Atahuallpa's execution in 1533?
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Which of the following best describes Manco's role after being crowned Inca emperor?
Which of the following best describes Manco's role after being crowned Inca emperor?
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What was a significant strategy used by the Spanish during the Siege of Cuzco?
What was a significant strategy used by the Spanish during the Siege of Cuzco?
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What event triggered the Inca revolt in 1536?
What event triggered the Inca revolt in 1536?
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What was the primary impact of Spanish colonization on the Inca population by 1591?
What was the primary impact of Spanish colonization on the Inca population by 1591?
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How did the Spanish manage to maintain control of the newly conquered territories in Peru?
How did the Spanish manage to maintain control of the newly conquered territories in Peru?
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What did Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors take from the Inca Empire?
What did Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors take from the Inca Empire?
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What was established by Manco after the Spanish conquest?
What was established by Manco after the Spanish conquest?
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What percentage of the treasure that arrived in Spain was allocated to Spanish merchants and conquistadors?
What percentage of the treasure that arrived in Spain was allocated to Spanish merchants and conquistadors?
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What new form of currency was created using the silver that arrived in Spain?
What new form of currency was created using the silver that arrived in Spain?
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What was one of the significant economic consequences of the influx of silver into Spain?
What was one of the significant economic consequences of the influx of silver into Spain?
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What strategy did Spanish ships implement to protect against attacks while transporting silver?
What strategy did Spanish ships implement to protect against attacks while transporting silver?
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Which city emerged as a crucial port for Spain's trade with the New World?
Which city emerged as a crucial port for Spain's trade with the New World?
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What was the primary function of the Casa de Contratacion in Seville?
What was the primary function of the Casa de Contratacion in Seville?
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What was a result of the increasing demand for goods due to the influx of silver?
What was a result of the increasing demand for goods due to the influx of silver?
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What was the impact of the slave trade as a result of labor shortages in Spain?
What was the impact of the slave trade as a result of labor shortages in Spain?
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What was a key outcome of the establishment of the Consulado de Mercaderes?
What was a key outcome of the establishment of the Consulado de Mercaderes?
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Which factor primarily contributed to labor shortages in the New World by the mid-1550s?
Which factor primarily contributed to labor shortages in the New World by the mid-1550s?
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What was the Royal Fifth tax on precious metals?
What was the Royal Fifth tax on precious metals?
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What was the role of the Casa de Contratacion?
What was the role of the Casa de Contratacion?
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How did Seville’s geographic location impact its trade?
How did Seville’s geographic location impact its trade?
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What led to the rising wages during the mid-1550s in the New World?
What led to the rising wages during the mid-1550s in the New World?
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What was the restriction faced by Spanish merchants regarding the West African slave trade?
What was the restriction faced by Spanish merchants regarding the West African slave trade?
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How did the growth of the slave trade impact the encomenderos?
How did the growth of the slave trade impact the encomenderos?
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What was one of the primary goals of the Spanish government in governing the New World?
What was one of the primary goals of the Spanish government in governing the New World?
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What significant action did Bartolome de las Casas take in 1542?
What significant action did Bartolome de las Casas take in 1542?
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What was a consequence of the New Laws regarding the encomienda system?
What was a consequence of the New Laws regarding the encomienda system?
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What role did viceroys play in Spanish territories?
What role did viceroys play in Spanish territories?
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Which of the following was a responsibility of encomenderos under the encomienda system?
Which of the following was a responsibility of encomenderos under the encomienda system?
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What was the primary function of cabildos in the Spanish administration?
What was the primary function of cabildos in the Spanish administration?
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What were the audiencias in the context of Spanish governance?
What were the audiencias in the context of Spanish governance?
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What did Bartolome de las Casas witness during his time in the New World?
What did Bartolome de las Casas witness during his time in the New World?
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What was the primary function of the Casa de Contratacion after its establishment?
What was the primary function of the Casa de Contratacion after its establishment?
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How did the Casa de Contratacion contribute to the wealth of Spanish merchants?
How did the Casa de Contratacion contribute to the wealth of Spanish merchants?
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What was the role of the Council of the Indies in relation to the New World?
What was the role of the Council of the Indies in relation to the New World?
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Why was the Casa de Contratacion's secret map, the Padrón Real, significant?
Why was the Casa de Contratacion's secret map, the Padrón Real, significant?
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What challenge did the Spanish government face in exercising control over its empire in the New World?
What challenge did the Spanish government face in exercising control over its empire in the New World?
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Flashcards
Spanish Exploration (c1490-1512)
Spanish Exploration (c1490-1512)
Spanish voyages to the Americas, starting with Columbus, seeking trade routes and new territory.
Columbus's First Voyage (1492)
Columbus's First Voyage (1492)
Columbus's initial journey across the Atlantic, landing in the Bahamas.
Columbus and Sponsorship
Columbus and Sponsorship
The financial backing provided by Isabella of Castile (Spain) to enable Christopher Columbus's voyages.
Columbus and the Caribbean
Columbus and the Caribbean
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Rivalry with Portugal
Rivalry with Portugal
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Spanish Claims
Spanish Claims
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Conquistadors (1513-1528)
Conquistadors (1513-1528)
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Balboa and the Conquistadors
Balboa and the Conquistadors
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The Conquest of Cuba
The Conquest of Cuba
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Magellan's Voyage
Magellan's Voyage
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Conquest of Mexico
Conquest of Mexico
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Expedition to Mexico (1519)
Expedition to Mexico (1519)
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Key Events of the Conquest
Key Events of the Conquest
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Cortes's Actions (1523-28)
Cortes's Actions (1523-28)
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Consequences for the Aztecs
Consequences for the Aztecs
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Pizarro and Panama
Pizarro and Panama
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Conquest of the Incas
Conquest of the Incas
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Pizarro's Arrival in Peru
Pizarro's Arrival in Peru
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Pizarro's Conquest of Peru
Pizarro's Conquest of Peru
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Expansion of Empire (c1528-c1555)
Expansion of Empire (c1528-c1555)
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Discovery of Silver
Discovery of Silver
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Impact of the New World
Impact of the New World
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Governing the Empire
Governing the Empire
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Foundation of La Paz
Foundation of La Paz
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Silver and Gold
Silver and Gold
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Impact of Trade
Impact of Trade
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Pizarro's execution of Atahuallpa
Pizarro's execution of Atahuallpa
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Pizarro's puppet king
Pizarro's puppet king
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Inca Revolt of 1536
Inca Revolt of 1536
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Siege of Cuzco
Siege of Cuzco
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Spanish advantage in the Siege
Spanish advantage in the Siege
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Spanish control of Peru
Spanish control of Peru
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Neo Inca State
Neo Inca State
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Impact of the conquest on the Inca
Impact of the conquest on the Inca
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Silver's Role in Exploration
Silver's Role in Exploration
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Silver's Discovery Locations
Silver's Discovery Locations
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Silver Mining Process
Silver Mining Process
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Mining Towns' Development
Mining Towns' Development
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Silver and El Dorado
Silver and El Dorado
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Silver's Impact on Colonization
Silver's Impact on Colonization
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Spain's Silver Wealth
Spain's Silver Wealth
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Controlling Colonial Wealth
Controlling Colonial Wealth
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Governing the New World
Governing the New World
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Bartolome de las Casas
Bartolome de las Casas
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What were the New Laws?
What were the New Laws?
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Who were the Viceroys?
Who were the Viceroys?
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What were Cabildos?
What were Cabildos?
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What were Audiencias?
What were Audiencias?
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What is the Encomienda System?
What is the Encomienda System?
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How did the Encomienda System Work?
How did the Encomienda System Work?
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Seville's Wealth
Seville's Wealth
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Casa de Contratacion
Casa de Contratacion
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Consulado de Mercaderes
Consulado de Mercaderes
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Labour Shortage
Labour Shortage
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Slave Trade
Slave Trade
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Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas
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Asientos
Asientos
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Royal Fifth
Royal Fifth
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Pieces of Eight
Pieces of Eight
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Inflation in Spain
Inflation in Spain
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Spanish Treasure Fleets
Spanish Treasure Fleets
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Privateers and Treasure Fleets
Privateers and Treasure Fleets
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Seville's Importance
Seville's Importance
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Spanish Monopoly
Spanish Monopoly
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Silver's Impact on Industries
Silver's Impact on Industries
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Labor Shortages and Slave Trade
Labor Shortages and Slave Trade
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What role did the Casa de Contratacion play in creating a trade monopoly for Spain?
What role did the Casa de Contratacion play in creating a trade monopoly for Spain?
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Council of the Indies
Council of the Indies
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What challenges did the Spanish government face in controlling its colonies?
What challenges did the Spanish government face in controlling its colonies?
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What was the purpose of the Padrón Real?
What was the purpose of the Padrón Real?
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Study Notes
Overview of Spanish Exploration and Settlement
- 1490s: Spain had ambitions in religion and trade.
- 1479: Spain was politically united.
- 1490s: Muslims and Jews expelled (unless converted to Christianity).
- Christianity was powerful, with the Catholic Church influential.
- Crusades: religious expeditions aiming to convert people to Christianity.
- Foreign ambitions involved trade and land acquisition.
- Desire to expand Spanish influence and territory.
- Exploration was driven by desire for wealth (gold and silver).
Columbus and Sponsorship
- Christopher Columbus sought sponsorship for a voyage across the Atlantic.
- The voyage aimed at creating a new sea route to the East Indies.
- Columbus was looking for trading routes and profits.
- The Canaries and Madeira had spurred interest in new lands.
- Ferdinand and Isabella supported him in 1491 to open up trade routes.
- Financial support was crucial for voyages.
- Isabella saw the voyage as a chance to spread Christianity.
- 1492: Columbus hired ships to embark on his voyage.
- Rewards for success included a title and governorship.
Columbus's First Voyage
- August 3, 1492: Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain.
- October 12, 1492: Columbus landed on San Salvador Island.
- Columbus called the native people "Indians".
- Columbus's plans involved sighting Japan.
- Columbus met native people and traded goods.
The Bahamas and the Caribbean.
- 1491: Columbus claimed San Salvador for Spain.
- Columbus searched for gold in the Bahamas and the Caribbean.
- Columbus established a settlement - La Navidad.
- Columbus searched further south after not finding gold.
- La Navidad was problematic (initial conflicts with natives), and 39 sailors were left behind.
- Columbus and the Nina returned to Europe in March 1493.
Initial Contact with Native People
- Initial contact was peaceful, leading to trade.
- Taino people believed the Spanish were "men from the sky".
- Different tribes had different interactions with the Spanish.
- Columbus noted the Taino as peaceful, potentially good slaves.
- Caribs were described as aggressive and cannibals.
Columbus's Second Voyage/Further Voyages
- 1493-96: Columbus's second voyage with a large fleet.
- 1496: Columbus returned to Spain.
- 1498: Columbus made voyages (1498-1500, and 1502-1504).
- Exploration continued with voyages to new islands/territories.
- Columbus established a colony and was in charge of the new lands.
- Columbus faced challenges in his various voyages such as management, revolts, and conflicts with natives.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
- Rivalry between Portugal and Spain over control of the New World.
- 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divided the New World territories between Spain and Portugal.
- The line was 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.
- The treaty helped resolve disputes and settle claims.
- The Treaty gave Spain major control of the New World.
Effects of Spanish Settlement
- Spanish settlement had significant effects on the native population.
- Forced conversion to Christianity.
- Encomienda system, exploiting natives for labor.
- Introduction of new diseases (smallpox, measles).
- Native population decimated.
- The Spanish also introduced gold and silver exploitation.
Development of an Imperial Policy
- The Spanish empire needed to have rules/policies to control trade and religion.
- Regulations for exploration and the establishment of trade monopolies were implemented.
- The Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) controlled all trade with the Caribbean, and a portion of the profits were given to the Spanish treasury.
- Laws were put in place to control the Spanish settlers and the native population.
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Description
Explore the key events and motivations behind the Spanish exploration and settlement in the 1490s, including the role of Christopher Columbus and the ambitions of Spain. Understand the political and religious context that shaped these expeditions, particularly the influence of the Catholic Church and the drive for wealth and territory.