Overview of Science and Its Branches

Definition: Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Sciences
- Study of natural phenomena.
- Subdivided into:
  - Physics: Study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
  - Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
  - Biology: Study of living organisms and life processes.
  - Earth Sciences: Study of the Earth, its structure, processes, and components (e.g., geology, meteorology).
Formal Sciences
- Study of abstract concepts.
- Includes:
  - Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns.
  - Logic: Study of reasoning and argumentation.
  - Statistics: Study of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societies.
- Includes:
  - Psychology: Study of the human mind and behavior.
  - Sociology: Study of social behavior and society.
  - Economics: Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Definition: A systematic approach to inquiry and investigation.
Steps:
1. Observation: Identify a phenomenon.
2. Question: Ask a question based on observations.
3. Hypothesis: Propose a testable explanation.
4. Experiment: Conduct experiments to test the hypothesis.
5. Analysis: Analyze data and draw conclusions.
6. Report: Share findings and conclusions.

Advancements: Drives technological innovation (medicine, engineering, IT).
Understand Nature: Provides insights into natural processes and laws.
Problem-solving: Offers solutions to societal issues (climate change, health crises).
Critical Thinking: Fosters a questioning attitude and analytical skills.

Combines elements from various fields to address complex problems.
Examples include:
- Environmental Science: Combines biology, chemistry, and earth sciences.
- Neuroscience: Integrates biology, psychology, and chemistry.

Interconnectedness: Increasing collaboration across disciplines.
Technology Integration: Use of AI, data science, and simulations.
Ethics and Science: Importance of ethical considerations in research (e.g., bioethics, environmental ethics).

Systematic approach to building and organizing knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the universe.

Natural Sciences: Focus on natural phenomena with key subdivisions:
- Physics: Examines matter, energy, and their interactions.
- Chemistry: Investigates substances, their properties, and reactions.
- Biology: Studies living organisms and vital life processes.
- Earth Sciences: Analyzes the Earth’s structure, processes, and components, encompassing fields like geology and meteorology.
Formal Sciences: Concerned with abstract concepts, including:
- Mathematics: Explores numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns.
- Logic: Focuses on reasoning and argumentation methods.
- Statistics: Deals with data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
Social Sciences: Examines human behavior and societal structures, comprising:
- Psychology: Studies the human mind and its behavior.
- Sociology: Investigates social behavior and societal interactions.
- Economics: Analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Technological Advancements: Fuels innovation in fields such as medicine, engineering, and information technology.
Understanding Nature: Provides comprehensive insights into natural laws and processes.
Problem-Solving: Offers solutions to pressing societal challenges, including climate change and health crises.
Critical Thinking: Promotes a questioning mindset and develops analytical skills among individuals.

Merges elements from multiple disciplines to tackle complex issues:
- Environmental Science: Integrates biology, chemistry, and earth sciences for a holistic study of environmental issues.
- Neuroscience: Combines biology, psychology, and chemistry to explore the nervous system.

Interconnectedness: Increasing collaboration among different scientific fields to achieve comprehensive solutions.
Technology Integration: Incorporation of artificial intelligence, data science, and simulations in scientific research.
Ethics and Science: Emphasizes the necessity of ethical considerations in research activities, including bioethics and environmental ethics.