Introduction to Science and Its Branches

Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through observation and experimentation.
Aims to explain natural phenomena and predict outcomes.

Natural Sciences
- Focus on the physical world.
- Includes:
  - Physics: Study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces.
  - Chemistry: Study of substances, their properties, and reactions.
  - Biology: Study of living organisms and life processes.
Formal Sciences
- Concerned with abstract concepts and logical reasoning.
- Includes:
  - Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
  - Computer Science: Study of algorithms, data structures, and computation.
Social Sciences
- Study of human behavior and societal structures.
- Includes:
  - Psychology: Study of the mind and behavior.
  - Sociology: Study of society and social behavior.
  - Economics: Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods.
Applied Sciences
- Practical application of scientific knowledge.
- Includes:
  - Engineering: Application of science and math to design and build.
  - Medicine: Application of biology and chemistry to health and disease.

Observation: Gathering data through sensory experience.
Hypothesis: Formulating a testable statement based on observations.
Experimentation: Conducting tests to validate or refute the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting data collected during experimentation.
Conclusion: Drawing results from analysis; supporting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Replication: Repeating experiments to verify findings.

Scientific research must adhere to ethical standards to protect human and environmental welfare.
Ensures integrity, honesty, and accountability in conducting and reporting research.

Science is a systematic process built on observation, experimentation, and analysis.
It aims to explain natural phenomena and predict future occurrences.

Natural Sciences focus on the physical world.
- Physics: Study of matter, energy, and fundamental forces.
- Chemistry: Studies substances, their properties, and their reactions.
- Biology: Explores living organisms and life processes.
Formal Sciences deal with abstract concepts and logical reasoning.
- Mathematics: Study of numbers, quantities, and shapes.
- Computer Science: Study of algorithms, data structures, and computation.
Social Sciences explore human behavior and societal structures.
- Psychology: Study of the mind and behavior.
- Sociology: Study of society and social behavior.
- Economics: Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods.
Applied Sciences focus on practical applications of scientific knowledge.
- Engineering: Applies science and math to design and build.
- Medicine: Applies biology and chemistry to health and disease.

Observation: Gathering data through sensory experiences.
Hypothesis: A testable statement based on observations.
Experimentation: Designed tests to validate or refute the hypothesis.
Analysis: Interpreting data collected during experimentation.
Conclusion: Drawing results from analysis; supporting or rejecting the hypothesis.
Replication: Repeating experiments to verify findings.

Scientific research must adhere to ethical standards for the protection of human and environmental welfare.
Ensures integrity, honesty, and accountability in research practices.

Interdisciplinary research: Combining multiple scientific fields for a deeper understanding.
Advancements in artificial intelligence and big data analytics: New tools for analyzing complex information.
Focus on sustainability and environmental conservation: addressing global challenges like climate change.
Increased emphasis on health sciences and biotechnology: Developing new treatments and technologies to improve human health.