Overview of Psychology Perspectives and Theories
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of behaviorism in psychology?

  • Study of internal mental states
  • Personal growth and development
  • Cultural influences on behavior
  • Observable behavior only (correct)

    • Which perspective in psychology recognizes the importance of personal growth but often rejects scientific methodologies?

  • Biological perspective
  • Humanistic perspective (correct)
  • Cognitive perspective
  • Behaviorism

    • What is the dominant perspective in modern day psychology that integrates aspects of behaviorism with cognition?

  • Sociocultural psychology
  • Cognitive perspective (correct)
  • Developmental psychology
  • Humanistic perspective

    • In the scientific method, what is the second step after identifying the question of interest?

    <p>Gather relevant information and form a testable hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the biological perspective focus on in understanding behavior?

    <p>Brain processes and bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior does sociocultural psychology examine?

    <p>Social and cultural contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is attributed to the discovery of operant conditioning?

    <p>BF Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ignaz Semmelweis' significant finding related to maternity wards?

    <p>Midwives provided better care than physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hippocrates believe influenced a person's psychology?

    <p>The balance of four liquids in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is known for advocating substance dualism?

    <p>Rene Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes structuralism from functionalism in psychology?

    <p>Structuralism aims to analyze relationships among elements of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Freud's approach to psychology?

    <p>Focus on unconscious thoughts and memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to psychology?

    <p>Establishing psychology as a separate discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect did John B. Watson emphasize in his behavioral perspective?

    <p>Environment's influence on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is associated with William James?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the theory of humorism, which liquid is associated with being cheerful and optimistic?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Research Ethics Board?

    <p>To ensure protection of human research participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does informed consent require from participants in a research study?

    <p>Participants must be fully aware of the study and its risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 R’s in ethical animal research?

    <p>Repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might researchers choose to use non-human animals in experiments?

    <p>Non-human animals can be subjected to procedures unethical for humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential problem with deception in research studies?

    <p>Deceived participants may not provide valid data post-experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of the doctor’s hypothesis regarding autopsies and childbirth?

    <p>Doctors performing autopsies are spreading pathogens to women giving birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines falsifiability?

    <p>The ability for a hypothesis to be disproved if it is wrong.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a deductive argument from an inductive statement?

    <p>Deductive arguments lead to necessary conclusions, while inductive statements suggest probable conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an operational definition aim to provide in an experiment?

    <p>A specific description of how a variable is measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes naïve realism?

    <p>The assumption that our sensory perceptions are a direct reflection of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the dependent variable in an experiment?

    <p>The variable that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is construct validity in an experiment primarily determined?

    <p>By the ability to accurately measure and define the variables involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a probability distribution provide in statistical analysis?

    <p>A mathematical representation of the likelihood of different outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean in a set of data?

    <p>The sum of all values divided by the number of values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research aims to identify relationships between variables?

    <p>Correlational research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a positive correlation between two variables, what can be inferred?

    <p>Both variables move in the same direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental misconception about correlation?

    <p>Correlation indicates a cause-and-effect relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines descriptive research?

    <p>It involves data collection without manipulating situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is reliability in research defined?

    <p>The consistency of measurements across tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by external validity in research?

    <p>The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should anecdotes be approached with caution in research?

    <p>They are often deeply personal and biased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unsystematic variation in an experiment?

    <p>It generates error bars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a confounding variable?

    <p>An extraneous factor that is not the independent variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Type 1 error in hypothesis testing?

    <p>Incorrectly detecting a relationship that does not exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical issue was present in the Little Albert study?

    <p>Lack of informed consent from the mother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Monster Study?

    <p>Negative feedback did not affect speech pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Milgram Experiment primarily investigate?

    <p>The extent of compliance to authority figures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did the Bystander Effect illustrate in the context of emergency situations?

    <p>People are less likely to intervene if they believe others will help.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main ethical concern with the Stanford Prison Experiment?

    <p>It caused psychological harm to participants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early History of Psychology

    • Humourism: Hippocrates believed a person's temperament depended on the balance of four bodily fluids (black bile, blood, yellow bile, phlegm).

    • Rene Descartes: Proposed substance dualism—the mind and body are distinct entities.

    • Wilhelm Wundt: Founded the first psychology laboratory, considered psychology a separate discipline from philosophy and physiology. He believed psychology should be studied scientifically like physics/chemistry, focusing on introspection to study consciousness.

    Structuralism vs. Functionalism

    • Structuralism: Analyzed the basic elements of consciousness and how they relate. Pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt.

    • Functionalism: Analyzed the functions of consciousness rather than its structure. Pioneered by William James, who was inspired by Darwin's natural selection.

    Psychoanalytic Perspective

    • Sigmund Freud: Developed psychoanalysis to explain personality, motivation, and disorders. Focused on unconscious processes (thoughts and memories below the surface of awareness) influencing behavior.

    Behavioral Perspective

    • John B. Watson: Pioneered behaviorism within psychology, arguing that psychology should focus on observable behavior rather than studying consciousness. He believed good science requires scientific verification. Watson believed behavior was a product of genetics and environment.

    Humanistic Perspective

    • Believed humans are more than just the sum of their parts and have the potential for personal growth.

    • Individuals live subjectively and are not easily measured scientifically.

    Cognitive Perspective

    • Focused on mental processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving.

    Biological Perspective

    • Focused on brain processes and other bodily functions influencing behavior

    Research Methods

    • Scientific Method:

    • Identify a question

    • Formulate a testable hypothesis

    • Design a study to test the hypothesis

    • Analyze data and draw conclusions

    • Report findings and ask follow-up questions

    • Descriptive Research: Data collection tries not to interfere with how data arises in the real world, trying to describe characteristics (e.g., natural observation)

    • Correlational Research: Seeks relationships between variables, not causation.

    • A correlation does not mean causation.

    • Positive correlation- as one variable increases, so does the other.

    • Negative correlation- as one variable increases the other decreases.

    • Experimental Research: Manipulates variables to establish causal relationships.

    Ethical Considerations

    • Research ethics boards ensure human research participant protection.

    • Researchers must obtain informed consent, consider risks and benefits, and address potential deception.

    • Ethical treatments of animals are important.

    • Ethical use of animal research governed by the CCAC.

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    Early History of Psychology Chapter 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various fundamental concepts in psychology, including behaviorism, cognitive theory, and significant contributions from key figures like Freud and Wundt. It also examines methodologies in psychological research and the different perspectives that shape our understanding of human behavior. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in psychology.

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