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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about lipids is accurate?
Which of the following statements about lipids is accurate?
- All lipids are categorized as structural lipids with no variations.
- Lipids are soluble in water and serve as a main source of energy.
- Lipids consist exclusively of fatty acids and cannot contain any other structures.
- Lipids are substances of biological origin that are insoluble in water. (correct)
Which of the following is classified as a type of storage lipid?
Which of the following is classified as a type of storage lipid?
- Glycerophospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Galactolipids
- Triacylglycerol (correct)
Which lipid group includes molecules that play a role in cell signaling and inflammation?
Which lipid group includes molecules that play a role in cell signaling and inflammation?
- Storage lipids
- Signaling lipids (correct)
- Saturated fats
- Structural lipids
Which of the following lipids is considered a structural lipid?
Which of the following lipids is considered a structural lipid?
What is a common structural feature found in phospholipids?
What is a common structural feature found in phospholipids?
What adverse health effects are associated with trans fatty acids?
What adverse health effects are associated with trans fatty acids?
Which of the following fatty acids is classified as an essential fatty acid?
Which of the following fatty acids is classified as an essential fatty acid?
What is the function of ɑ-Linoleic acid (𝝎-3) in the body?
What is the function of ɑ-Linoleic acid (𝝎-3) in the body?
Which structural feature distinguishes trans fatty acids from cis fatty acids?
Which structural feature distinguishes trans fatty acids from cis fatty acids?
What is the primary characteristic of glycerol in relation to lipids?
What is the primary characteristic of glycerol in relation to lipids?
What is the role of sphingosine in lipid structure?
What is the role of sphingosine in lipid structure?
Which of the following statements about trans fatty acids is false?
Which of the following statements about trans fatty acids is false?
Which characteristic of essential fatty acids is accurate?
Which characteristic of essential fatty acids is accurate?
What characterizes glycerophospholipids in terms of their structure?
What characterizes glycerophospholipids in terms of their structure?
Which compound is considered the parent compound of most glycerophospholipids?
Which compound is considered the parent compound of most glycerophospholipids?
Which of the following is NOT a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
Which of the following is NOT a derivative of phosphatidic acid?
What type of lipids are sphingolipids classified as?
What type of lipids are sphingolipids classified as?
Phosphatidylethanolamine is formed from phosphatidic acid and which of the following groups?
Phosphatidylethanolamine is formed from phosphatidic acid and which of the following groups?
Which of the following terms best describes the polarity of phosphatidic acid?
Which of the following terms best describes the polarity of phosphatidic acid?
Which head group is associated with phosphatidylserine?
Which head group is associated with phosphatidylserine?
Identify the molecule that contributes to the structure of many sphingolipids.
Identify the molecule that contributes to the structure of many sphingolipids.
What effect does the degree of unsaturation have on the solubility of fatty acids in water?
What effect does the degree of unsaturation have on the solubility of fatty acids in water?
What primarily distinguishes cis fatty acids from trans fatty acids?
What primarily distinguishes cis fatty acids from trans fatty acids?
Why are foods high in saturated fatty acids considered unhealthy?
Why are foods high in saturated fatty acids considered unhealthy?
What occurs during the hydrogenation of oils?
What occurs during the hydrogenation of oils?
How does the stability of saturated fatty acids compare to unsaturated fatty acids?
How does the stability of saturated fatty acids compare to unsaturated fatty acids?
What is a common source of unsaturated fatty acids?
What is a common source of unsaturated fatty acids?
What type of fatty acid is commonly found in foods that have been subjected to partial hydrogenation?
What type of fatty acid is commonly found in foods that have been subjected to partial hydrogenation?
How does the length of the hydrocarbon chain affect the physical properties of fatty acids?
How does the length of the hydrocarbon chain affect the physical properties of fatty acids?
What structural feature is common to all steroids?
What structural feature is common to all steroids?
Which function is NOT associated with thromboxanes?
Which function is NOT associated with thromboxanes?
What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?
What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?
Which of the following statements about cholesterol synthesis is true?
Which of the following statements about cholesterol synthesis is true?
Which of the following is a property of cholesterol?
Which of the following is a property of cholesterol?
What is the primary effect of thromboxanes on smooth muscles?
What is the primary effect of thromboxanes on smooth muscles?
How do steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) affect eicosanoids?
How do steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) affect eicosanoids?
Which of the following best describes the chemical structure of terpenes?
Which of the following best describes the chemical structure of terpenes?
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Study Notes
Overview of Lipids
- Lipids are substances of biological origin, insoluble in water.
Structural Features of Lipids
- Fatty acids differ in their length and degree of unsaturation.
- Longer chains and lower unsaturation make the fatty acid less soluble in water.
- Saturated fatty acids are found in animal fats.
- Unsaturated fatty acids are found in plant oils.
- Cis-fatty acids have naturally occuring double bonds.
- Trans-fatty acids are produced during the industrial processing of oils.
- They have negative health effects, increasing low-density lipoprotein, causing coronary heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.
- Linoleic acid (𝝎-6) and ɑ-Linoleic acid (𝝎-3) are essential fatty acids.
- Humans cannot synthesize them and must obtain them through diet.
- Glycerol is an alcohol that forms the backbone of triacylglycerols.
- Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol that forms the backbone of sphingolipids.
- Amphiphilic compounds have both polar and non-polar parts.
Structural Lipids
- Phospholipids have a phosphate group and are common components of biological membranes.
- Phospholipids are divided into glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids.
- Glycerophospholipids are derived from phosphatidic acid, which can have different "head" groups (-X).
- Sphingolipids are found in biological membranes.
- They are built on sphingosine instead of glycerol.
- Glycolipids are important components of biological membranes.
- They are divided into glycosphingolipids and galactolipids.
- These lipids have a sugar group attached to a lipid molecule.
Signalling Lipids
- Eicosanoids are lipids associated with inflammation and pain.
- They are divided into prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
- Steroids have a common structural motif of four fused rings.
- Cholesterol is the precursor of all animal steroids.
- It is an important component of animal cell plasma membranes, regulating membrane fluidity.
- Cholesterol is synthesized from Acetyl-CoA.
Terpenes
- Terpenes are long-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- They are formed of linked isoprene units.
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