Overview of Linguistics

Definition: The scientific study of language, its structure, usage, and the cognitive processes behind it.
Branches of Linguistics:
- Phonetics: Study of sounds in human speech.
- Phonology: Study of how sounds function within a particular language or languages.
- Morphology: Study of the structure and formation of words.
- Syntax: Study of sentence structure and the rules that govern sentence formation.
- Semantics: Study of meaning in language.
- Pragmatics: Study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning.

Language Universals: Features or characteristics common to all human languages.
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Linguistics:
- Descriptive: Analyzes and describes how language is used in practice.
- Prescriptive: Dictates how language should be used according to certain standards.

Lexicon: The vocabulary of a language, including words and their meanings.
Grammar: The system and structure of a language, including syntax and morphology.

First Language Acquisition: The process by which infants acquire their native language.
Second Language Acquisition: The process of learning a language after the first language has been established.

Examines how language varies and changes in social groups.
Studies the relationship between language and social factors such as class, race, and gender.

Explores the cognitive processes underlying language comprehension and production.
Investigates how language is processed in the brain.

Practical application of linguistic theories and methods to real-world problems.
Areas include language teaching, translation, and language policy.

Noam Chomsky: Known for theories of generative grammar and the concept of an innate language faculty.
Ferdinand de Saussure: Established structural linguistics; emphasized the relational nature of language components.

Generative Grammar: A system for describing the implicit knowledge that speakers have about their language.
Functionalism: Views language structure in terms of its practical use in communication.

Investigates how and why languages evolve over time, including phonetic, morphological, and syntactic changes.

Linguistics is a multifaceted field that intersects with psychology, anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science, offering insights into human communication and cognition.

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing its structure, usage, and cognitive processes.
Key branches include phonetics (study of speech sounds), phonology (sound systems within languages), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence formation rules), semantics (meaning in language), and pragmatics (contextual influence on meaning).

Language universals refer to features common across all human languages, indicating shared characteristics in linguistic systems.
Descriptive linguistics analyzes actual language use, while prescriptive linguistics sets standards for how language should be used.

The lexicon is the complete vocabulary of a language, including words and their meanings.
Grammar encompasses the rules governing the structure of a language, particularly syntax and morphology.

First language acquisition involves how infants learn their native language naturally, while second language acquisition refers to learning a new language after establishing the first.

This branch examines how language varies across different social groups and how social factors such as class, race, and gender influence language use.

Focuses on cognitive processes involved in understanding and producing language, including how language is accessed and processed in the brain.

Involves practical applications of linguistic theories to address real-world issues, including language teaching, translation, and policy-making related to language.

Noam Chomsky is notable for his theories on generative grammar and innate language capacity.
Ferdinand de Saussure introduced structural linguistics, highlighting the relational aspects of language components.

Generative grammar describes the innate knowledge speakers have about their language.
Functionalism views language structure as a product of its practical communication needs.

Examines the evolution of languages over time, focusing on changes in phonetics, morphology, and syntax, which reflect societal developments.

Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field, interacting with psychology, anthropology, sociology, and cognitive science, providing insights into the nature of human communication and cognitive processes.