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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of phonetics in language?
What is a morpheme?
What is the term for the process by which a sound changes to become more similar to an adjacent sound?
What is the term for the study of how speakers use language to communicate effectively?
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What is the term for the organization of morphemes in a word?
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What is the term for the categories of sounds with similar properties?
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What is the term for the patterns governing how phrases are combined to form sentences?
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What is the term for the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences?
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What is the term for the process of omitting one or more sounds in a word?
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What is the term for the arrangement of words in a sentence?
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Study Notes
Language Levels
Phonetics and Speech Sounds
- Phonetics: study of speech sounds in language
- Focus on physical properties of sounds and how they are produced
- Investigates physical characteristics such as articulation, acoustic properties, and auditory perception
- Examines speech sound production, including the roles of the lips, tongue, teeth, and vocal cords
- Focus on physical properties of sounds and how they are produced
- Speech sounds: units of sound in language
- Can be vowels or consonants
- Described in terms of:
- Place: Where the sound is made in the mouth (e.g., bilabial, alveolar, velar)
- Manner: How the sound is made (e.g., stop, fricative, nasal)
- Voicing: Whether the sound is made with the vibration of the vocal cords (e.g., voiced, voiceless)
- Transcribed using International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a standardized system for representing speech sounds in writing
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Morpheme Structure
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Morpheme: The smallest unit of language with meaning, which can be a free morpheme (stands alone as a word) or bound morpheme (combines with other morphemes to form a word).
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Free morphemes: stand alone as words (e.g., "run", "dog", "happy")
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Content words: carry meaning and provide content (e.g., "dog", "run")
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Examples: "book", "dog", "happy"
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Function words: provide grammatical meaning (e.g., "the", "of")
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Bound morphemes: combine with other morphemes to form words (e.g., "-ed" in "walked")
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Examples: "-ly" in "quickly", "-ment" in "government"
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Bound morphemes can be further classified into prefixes, suffixes, and infixes
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Prefixes: attached to the beginning of a root (e.g., "un-" in "undo")
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-Suffixes: attached to the end of a root (e.g., "-ly" in "quickly")
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-Infixes: inserted within a root (e.g., "um-" in "conumdrum")
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Morphological Structure
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Morphological structure refers to the organization of morphemes in a word, consisting of a root (central part of a word) and affixes (prefixes or suffixes added to a root).
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Root: central part of a word (e.g., "run")
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Examples: "dog" in "doghouse", "walk" in "walked"
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A root can be further analyzed into a core and a thematic element
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Affix: prefix or suffix added to a root (e.g., "re-" in "rewrite")
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Examples: "-ness" in "happiness", "un-" in "unhappy"
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Phonological Rules and Patterns
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Phonological rules describe how sounds change or interact in words, such as assimilation and elision. Phonological patterns refer to regularities in sound distribution, including syllable structure and sound classes (categories of sounds with similar properties).
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Phonological rules: patterns governing sound combinations in language
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Describe how sounds change or interact in words
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Examples: assimilation (e.g., "black" -> "blag" in "black flag"), elision (e.g., "last" -> "las'")
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Phonological patterns: regularities in sound distribution
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Syllable structure: patterns of vowels and consonants in syllables
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Sound
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Description
Explore the basics of phonetics, speech sounds, and morpheme structure in language, including the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and morphemes with meaning.
