Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?
- Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (correct)
- Growth hormone and prolactin
- Oxytocin and prolactin
- Growth hormone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of thyroid hormones?
- Regulate blood calcium levels (correct)
- Increase body temperature
- Promote protein synthesis
- Increase basal metabolic rate
Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
Which of the following is a steroid hormone?
- Insulin
- Growth Hormone
- Testosterone (correct)
- Epinephrine
The ______ gland is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
The ______ gland is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption.
The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption.
What are the four main layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall?
What are the four main layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall?
Which of the following is the main function of the salivary glands?
Which of the following is the main function of the salivary glands?
The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.
The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the renal corpuscle?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerular filtration is a passive process driven by net filtration pressure.
Glomerular filtration is a passive process driven by net filtration pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a major process involved in urine formation?
Which of the following is NOT a major process involved in urine formation?
Where does most solute and water reabsorption occur in the nephron?
Where does most solute and water reabsorption occur in the nephron?
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes.
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure?
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is involved in regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is involved in regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Which of the following is NOT a function of the collecting ducts in the kidney?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the collecting ducts in the kidney?
The human body is primarily composed of water.
The human body is primarily composed of water.
Which of the following is NOT a major component of the ICF?
Which of the following is NOT a major component of the ICF?
What is the primary mechanism of water movement between body fluid compartments?
What is the primary mechanism of water movement between body fluid compartments?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of edema?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of edema?
Dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
Dehydration can lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes in the body?
The most abundant electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium.
The most abundant electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is sodium.
Which of the following is a typical sign of hyperkalemia?
Which of the following is a typical sign of hyperkalemia?
The kidneys play a major role in regulating acid-base balance in the body.
The kidneys play a major role in regulating acid-base balance in the body.
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of metabolic acidosis?
The body can compensate for pH imbalances through both respiratory and metabolic mechanisms.
The body can compensate for pH imbalances through both respiratory and metabolic mechanisms.
Which of the following is the main hormone that stimulates the release of eggs from the ovaries?
Which of the following is the main hormone that stimulates the release of eggs from the ovaries?
The menstrual cycle is a series of events that occur in both the ovaries and the uterus.
The menstrual cycle is a series of events that occur in both the ovaries and the uterus.
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the uterine cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of the uterine cycle?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the developing embryo during pregnancy.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced by the developing embryo during pregnancy.
Which of the following is NOT a component of semen?
Which of the following is NOT a component of semen?
What is the primary function of the penis?
What is the primary function of the penis?
The scrotum helps to regulate the temperature of the testes.
The scrotum helps to regulate the temperature of the testes.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping pathogens and stimulating immune responses.
Lymph nodes act as filters, trapping pathogens and stimulating immune responses.
Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Antigens are molecules that the body recognizes as 'self'.
Antigens are molecules that the body recognizes as 'self'.
Which of the following cells is responsible for secreting antibodies?
Which of the following cells is responsible for secreting antibodies?
Memory cells are a key feature of the adaptive immune system, allowing for a faster and more effective response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
Memory cells are a key feature of the adaptive immune system, allowing for a faster and more effective response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
The primary immune response is generally slower and less effective than the secondary immune response.
The primary immune response is generally slower and less effective than the secondary immune response.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major classes of antibodies?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major classes of antibodies?
Flashcards
Endocrine system
Endocrine system
The internal communication system that uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions.
Hormones
Hormones
Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to target specific cells.
Paracrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
A type of cell signaling where hormones act on neighboring cells.
Autocrine signaling
Autocrine signaling
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Endocrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
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Exocrine glands
Exocrine glands
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Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands
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Target cell response
Target cell response
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Steroid hormones
Steroid hormones
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Amine hormones
Amine hormones
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Peptide and protein hormones
Peptide and protein hormones
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Intracellular hormone receptors
Intracellular hormone receptors
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Membrane-bound hormone receptors
Membrane-bound hormone receptors
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Second messenger system
Second messenger system
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Pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone (GH)
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Insulin
Insulin
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Glucagon
Glucagon
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Thyroid gland
Thyroid gland
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Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
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Calcitonin
Calcitonin
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Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
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Adrenal cortex
Adrenal cortex
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Adrenal medulla
Adrenal medulla
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Pancreas
Pancreas
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Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic juice
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Study Notes
Overview of Immunity
- Immunity is a complex system of defenses in the body
- It protects against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Innate Immunity
- Provides immediate, non-specific defenses
- Includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
- Also involves cellular responses like phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
- Some chemical defenses include lysozyme and complement proteins
Adaptive Immunity
- Provides a slower, highly specific response to pathogens
- Involves lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
- T-cells identify and destroy infected cells.
- B cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens
- It has memory, so subsequent responses are faster and more effective
Components of the Immune System
- Lymphocytes: white blood cells that are key components of adaptive immunity. There are T cells and B cells.
- Antibodies: proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific antigens
- Antigens: molecules on the surface of pathogens that are recognized by the immune system
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs): cells that present antigens to other immune cells, activating the adaptive immune response
Overview of the Lymphatic System
- A network of vessels, cells, and organs involved in fluid balance and immune responses.
- Lymphatic capillaries collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
- Lymph nodes filter lymph, removing pathogens and debris.
- Spleen and thymus are additional lymphoid organs that play key roles in immune responses.
Mechanisms of Immune Response
- Phagocytosis: engulfment and destruction of pathogens by immune cells.
- Inflammation: a localized response to injury or infection characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
- Cytotoxic T-cell activity: directly destroying infected cells.
- Antibody-mediated immunity: involves antibodies binding to antigens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells or preventing pathogen entry.
Other Important Concepts
- Immune memory: allows for faster and more effective responses upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.
- Immunological tolerance: the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self, preventing harmful attacks on the body's own tissues.
- Autoimmune diseases: occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
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