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Questions and Answers
What is one of the methods used to identify flavonoids in plant samples?
What is one of the methods used to identify flavonoids in plant samples?
- Infrared spectroscopy
- HPLC and MS analysis (correct)
- Gas chromatography
- NMR spectroscopy
Which of the following plants is a known source of flavonoids?
Which of the following plants is a known source of flavonoids?
- Cucumis sativus (cucumber)
- Zea mays (corn)
- Malus domestica (apple)
- Brassica napus (canola) (correct)
What type of light treatment is associated with inducing increased flavonoid production in plants?
What type of light treatment is associated with inducing increased flavonoid production in plants?
- Red light exposure
- Artificial green light
- UVB light exposure (correct)
- Low-intensity white light
What is NOT a classification used for flavonoids?
What is NOT a classification used for flavonoids?
Which flavonoid is commonly identified through its MS fragmentation pattern?
Which flavonoid is commonly identified through its MS fragmentation pattern?
What health benefit is associated with the consumption of flavonoids?
What health benefit is associated with the consumption of flavonoids?
In the food industry, what is a primary role of flavonoids?
In the food industry, what is a primary role of flavonoids?
Which of the following expresses the structure of flavonoids?
Which of the following expresses the structure of flavonoids?
What effect does prolonged exposure to UVB light have on Brassica napus leaves?
What effect does prolonged exposure to UVB light have on Brassica napus leaves?
Which of the following strategies is used to enhance the yield of flavonoids in crops?
Which of the following strategies is used to enhance the yield of flavonoids in crops?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dihydroflavonols?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dihydroflavonols?
Which fruits are notable sources of anthocyanins?
Which fruits are notable sources of anthocyanins?
What is a common function of flavonoids in health research?
What is a common function of flavonoids in health research?
What class of flavonoids is characterized by the absence of ring C?
What class of flavonoids is characterized by the absence of ring C?
Which of the following statements about flavonoids in the food industry is correct?
Which of the following statements about flavonoids in the food industry is correct?
Which flavonoid is most likely abundant in bearberries?
Which flavonoid is most likely abundant in bearberries?
What is the significance of 3-hydroxy derivatives of flavanones?
What is the significance of 3-hydroxy derivatives of flavanones?
Which flavonoid class is responsible for colors in plants and fruits?
Which flavonoid class is responsible for colors in plants and fruits?
Which of the following is NOT a research opportunity for flavonoids?
Which of the following is NOT a research opportunity for flavonoids?
Where are dihydroflavonols predominantly found?
Where are dihydroflavonols predominantly found?
What is one of the major classes of flavonoids that provides a range of colors including scarlet, red, and blue?
What is one of the major classes of flavonoids that provides a range of colors including scarlet, red, and blue?
Which type of flavonoid is particularly recognized for its role in producing yellow colors in flowers?
Which type of flavonoid is particularly recognized for its role in producing yellow colors in flowers?
Which flavonoids act as potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase enzymes?
Which flavonoids act as potent inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and cyclooxygenase enzymes?
What common source contains flavonols and is known for its health benefits?
What common source contains flavonols and is known for its health benefits?
Which of the following is not a known health benefit of flavonoids?
Which of the following is not a known health benefit of flavonoids?
What is a characteristic feature of flavonoids regarding their structure?
What is a characteristic feature of flavonoids regarding their structure?
In which foods are dietary flavonoids most commonly found?
In which foods are dietary flavonoids most commonly found?
Which subgroup of flavonoids is unique to legumes?
Which subgroup of flavonoids is unique to legumes?
What role do flavonoids play in plant defense mechanisms?
What role do flavonoids play in plant defense mechanisms?
Flavonoids are associated with which of the following industries?
Flavonoids are associated with which of the following industries?
How many known structures of flavonoids contribute to the pigmentation of plants?
How many known structures of flavonoids contribute to the pigmentation of plants?
Which processes are flavonoids known to positively affect in plants?
Which processes are flavonoids known to positively affect in plants?
What type of effect do flavonoids have on free radicals?
What type of effect do flavonoids have on free radicals?
Which flavonoid subgroup is characterized by being colorless and often acts as copigments?
Which flavonoid subgroup is characterized by being colorless and often acts as copigments?
Flavonoids have been exploited in which of the following fields?
Flavonoids have been exploited in which of the following fields?
Flashcards
Flavonoids
Flavonoids
A large group of plant chemicals with diverse functions, including allelopathy, pigmentation, and antioxidant properties.
Allelochemicals
Allelochemicals
Chemicals produced by plants that affect other organisms.
Allelopathy
Allelopathy
The interaction of organisms through allelochemicals.
Antioxidant
Antioxidant
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Polyphenolic structure
Polyphenolic structure
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Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins
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Chalcones
Chalcones
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Flavones
Flavones
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Isoflavones
Isoflavones
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Flower Pigments
Flower Pigments
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UV Absorbing Compounds
UV Absorbing Compounds
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Phytoalexins
Phytoalexins
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Dietary Flavonoids
Dietary Flavonoids
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Enzyme Inhibitors
Enzyme Inhibitors
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Signal Molecules
Signal Molecules
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Flavonoid induction
Flavonoid induction
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HPLC analysis
HPLC analysis
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MS identification
MS identification
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UV-B light
UV-B light
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Brassica napus (canola)
Brassica napus (canola)
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Spectral quality of Flavonols
Spectral quality of Flavonols
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HPLC
HPLC
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Mass Spectrometry (MS)
Mass Spectrometry (MS)
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Authentic Material
Authentic Material
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Calophyllolide, isolation year
Calophyllolide, isolation year
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Flavonoid class: Flavanols
Flavonoid class: Flavanols
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Anthocyanins: Example Pigments
Anthocyanins: Example Pigments
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Chalcones: dietary sources?
Chalcones: dietary sources?
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Flavonoid Research Mechanisms
Flavonoid Research Mechanisms
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Flavonoid Function
Flavonoid Function
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Flavonoids Total
Flavonoids Total
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Flavonoids: Biosynthesis
Flavonoids: Biosynthesis
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Flavanols: Additional sources
Flavanols: Additional sources
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Study Notes
Flavonoids Overview
- Flavonoids are a large group of allelochemicals, a significant class of plant-derived natural products, with over 3,000 characterized compounds.
- They have diverse functions, including both allelopathic (harmful) and beneficial effects.
- Many, but not all, flavonoids come from higher plants; animals don't produce them.
- Flavonoids often provide color in plants (like flower pigments) and can act as UV filters or free radical scavengers.
- Most are water soluble.
- They are found in various parts of plants, including flowers, leaves, and fruits, and in many foods that humans consume.
Flavonoid Subgroups
- Flavonoids are categorized into several subgroups, like chalcones, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones, each with unique structural features and origins.
- Onions and tea are common sources of flavonols and flavones, respectively.
- Specific flavonoid subgroups like isoflavones are located primarily in soybeans and other legumes .
Flavonoid Functions in Plants & Animals
- Flavonoids play a role in plant growth and defense.
- They play a role in attracting pollinators and promoting seed dispersal.
- Flavonoids protect plants from biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) stress, acting like UV filters.
- Flavonoids have biological roles in animals and bacteria.
- They are involved in various human health attributes, functioning as antioxidants and having general health-promoting effects.
- Flavonoids are involved in various human health-related processes, including those associated with cancer, Alzheimer's, and atherosclerosis, but need further evaluation by more research.
Flavonoid Structures
- More than 3000 flavonoids exist, but all share the same fundamental chemical skeleton.
- Diverse groups of flavonoids result from variations in the oxidation states of central pyran rings.
- This diversity generates 24 different flavonoid skeletal structures
- Most flavonoids are glycosides which means they are conjugated to carbohydrates, increasing water solubility.
- Flavonoids are O-methylated and O-acylated. It is important to mention that A-ring and B-ring oxygen functional groups can undergo these reactions (i.e., methylation and acylation)
Flavonoid Biosynthesis
- Flavonoid biosynthesis involves a series of reactions.
- Phenylalanine is a key precursor, starting the phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway.
- Several enzymes are involved in transforming phenylalanine to the final flavonoid product, including chalcone synthase, which catalyses a key committal step in the flavonoid pathway.
- Modifications like glycosylation, methylation, and metalation continue to shape the final flavonoid.
Flavonoid Classifications
- Flavonoid types are classified based on where the B ring connects to the A ring.
- For example, in isoflavones, the B ring connects to position 3 on the C ring.
- Neoflavonoids have a different structural pattern from other flavonoids.
- Flavonols, flavanones, and flavanonols are other flavonoid categories.
- These categories are classified based on the structure (i.e., presence or absence of double bonds, hydroxyl group substitution).
Flavonoid Occurrence and Function in Plants
- Flavonoids are frequently found in flowers, leaves, and fruits.
- They may be found in petals, epidermal layers, and mesophyll, as well as in vacuoles, chloroplasts, and cytoplasm. This localization impacts their functions:
- Pigments in flowers (color), UV protection, defense against microorganisms & scavengers.
- Anthocyanins determine the colors of many plants.
- Flavanones & Flavonols are mostly associated with UV protection in plants.
- Flavonoid abundance in different plant parts varies, as some are limited to the epidermal layer.
Flavonoid Analysis Methods
- HPLC is frequently used for isolating and identifying flavonoids.
- Mass spectrometry helps determine the structure of flavonoids, aiding in the identification process in complex mixtures like those found in many plants.
- HPLC and MS are used to identify flavonoids in raw materials and products.
Flavonoid Research and Applications
- Flavonoids show promising potential as antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and several other beneficial properties.
- They are often utilized in medicine and a wide range of applications because of their health benefits.
- One of the applications is in preventing or curing various diseases, like cancer, and cardiovascular ailments.
- Flavonoid biosynthesis is a complex process that plays a variety of roles in plants.
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Description
Explore the world of flavonoids, a diverse group of plant-derived compounds with over 3,000 identified types. This quiz delves into their functions, subgroups, and sources, highlighting their roles in plants and human diets. Test your knowledge on the significance of flavonoids in nature and health.
