Questions and Answers
The _________ and ____________ systems work closely together to coordinate and direct the key activities of the human body.
nervous, endocrine
The nervous and endocrine system work in combination is unmatched for its sophistication and ________________ importance.
homeostatic
What functions does the endocrine system oversee?
Reproduction, growth and development, body defenses, metabolic processes, and blood chemistry.
_________ are produced by specialized cells.
Signup and view all the answers
Where do cells secrete hormones into?
Signup and view all the answers
What transfers hormones to target sites?
Signup and view all the answers
Hormones transferred to target sites via blood ______ the activity of other cells.
Signup and view all the answers
How are hormones classified chemically?
Signup and view all the answers
Amino acids are _________ ________, while steroids and prostaglandins are ________ ________.
Signup and view all the answers
What are steroids made from?
Signup and view all the answers
What are prostaglandins made from?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
Signup and view all the answers
Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by ___________ feedback.
Signup and view all the answers
A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood ___________ the release of more hormones.
Signup and view all the answers
Hormone release _______ once an appropriate ________ in the blood is reached.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of how endocrine glands are activated by other hormones.
Signup and view all the answers
Give two examples of humoral stimuli.
Signup and view all the answers
Give an example of neural stimuli of endocrine glands.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three growth hormone disorders discussed in class?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the prefix 'hypo' mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the prefix 'hyper' mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe prolactin (PRL).
Signup and view all the answers
Describe adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Signup and view all the answers
Describe thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Signup and view all the answers
Describe follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Signup and view all the answers
Describe luteinizing hormone (LH).
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three keys of the endocrine system?
Signup and view all the answers
What are water-soluble hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
What are lipid-soluble hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
What is considered to be the master gland?
Signup and view all the answers
What are goiters?
Signup and view all the answers
What is cretinism?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a target cell?
Signup and view all the answers
How do local hormone secretions function differently than traditionally defined hormones?
Signup and view all the answers
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Overview of Endocrine System
- The nervous and endocrine systems work together to coordinate body activities, essential for maintaining homeostasis.
- Endocrine system functions include reproduction, growth, development, body defenses, metabolic processes, and blood chemistry.
Hormones
- Hormones are specialized chemical messengers produced by specialized cells.
- Secreted hormones enter extracellular fluids and are transported by blood to target sites, regulating the activity of other cells.
Hormone Classification
- Hormones are classified into three chemical categories: amino acids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
- Amino acid-based hormones are water-soluble, while steroids and prostaglandins are lipid-soluble.
- Steroids are derived from cholesterol, and prostaglandins are derived from active lipids.
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Lipid-soluble hormones utilize direct gene activation, entering cells and binding to proteins in the nucleus to activate specific genes.
- Water-soluble hormones engage in a second messenger system, binding to cell membrane receptors without entering the cell and instigating a series of intracellular reactions.
Feedback Systems
- Hormone levels in the bloodstream are primarily regulated through negative feedback, which triggers hormone release in response to low levels and halts it when an appropriate level is achieved.
Hormonal Stimuli
- Endocrine glands are activated by:
- Other hormones (e.g., anterior pituitary hormones prompting thyroid hormone release).
- Humoral stimuli (e.g., parathyroid hormone and calcitonin responding to blood calcium levels, insulin reacting to blood glucose levels).
- Neural stimuli (e.g., norepinephrine and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla).
Growth Hormone Disorders
- Pituitary Dwarfism: Caused by insufficient growth hormone during childhood.
- Gigantism: Result of excessive growth hormone during childhood.
- Acromegaly: Arises from excess growth hormone during adulthood.
Key Definitions
- Prefix "hypo" denotes low levels, while "hyper" signifies high levels.
- Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production post-childbirth.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates adrenal cortex activity.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Affects thyroid growth and function.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Facilitates follicle and sperm development.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
Endocrine System Components
- The endocrine system is defined by three essential components: glands, hormones, and receptors.
- Water-soluble hormones bind to surface receptors, failing to enter cells; lipid-soluble hormones penetrate the lipid bilayer to enter cells.
Pituitary Gland and Disorders
- The pituitary gland, often termed the master gland, orchestrates the secretion of many hormones influencing other endocrine glands.
- Goiters and cretinism affect thyroid health, presenting distinct physical symptoms.
Target Cells and Local Hormones
- Target cells possess specific receptors for particular hormones.
- Local hormones affect nearby cells without entering the bloodstream, differing from traditional hormonal behavior.
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances outside the body, such as through ducts.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the functions and classifications of hormones in the endocrine system. This quiz covers the roles of hormones in body processes and the mechanisms of hormone action. Test your knowledge on how the endocrine system interacts with overall body homeostasis.
