Podcast
Questions and Answers
The _________ and ____________ systems work closely together to coordinate and direct the key activities of the human body.
The _________ and ____________ systems work closely together to coordinate and direct the key activities of the human body.
nervous, endocrine
The nervous and endocrine system work in combination is unmatched for its sophistication and ________________ importance.
The nervous and endocrine system work in combination is unmatched for its sophistication and ________________ importance.
homeostatic
What functions does the endocrine system oversee?
What functions does the endocrine system oversee?
Reproduction, growth and development, body defenses, metabolic processes, and blood chemistry.
_________ are produced by specialized cells.
_________ are produced by specialized cells.
Where do cells secrete hormones into?
Where do cells secrete hormones into?
What transfers hormones to target sites?
What transfers hormones to target sites?
Hormones transferred to target sites via blood ______ the activity of other cells.
Hormones transferred to target sites via blood ______ the activity of other cells.
How are hormones classified chemically?
How are hormones classified chemically?
Amino acids are _________ ________, while steroids and prostaglandins are ________ ________.
Amino acids are _________ ________, while steroids and prostaglandins are ________ ________.
What are steroids made from?
What are steroids made from?
What are prostaglandins made from?
What are prostaglandins made from?
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by ___________ feedback.
Hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by ___________ feedback.
A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood ___________ the release of more hormones.
A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood ___________ the release of more hormones.
Hormone release _______ once an appropriate ________ in the blood is reached.
Hormone release _______ once an appropriate ________ in the blood is reached.
Give an example of how endocrine glands are activated by other hormones.
Give an example of how endocrine glands are activated by other hormones.
Give two examples of humoral stimuli.
Give two examples of humoral stimuli.
Give an example of neural stimuli of endocrine glands.
Give an example of neural stimuli of endocrine glands.
What are the three growth hormone disorders discussed in class?
What are the three growth hormone disorders discussed in class?
What does the prefix 'hypo' mean?
What does the prefix 'hypo' mean?
What does the prefix 'hyper' mean?
What does the prefix 'hyper' mean?
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
Describe prolactin (PRL).
Describe prolactin (PRL).
Describe adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Describe adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Describe thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Describe thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Describe follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Describe follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Describe luteinizing hormone (LH).
Describe luteinizing hormone (LH).
What are the three keys of the endocrine system?
What are the three keys of the endocrine system?
What are water-soluble hormones?
What are water-soluble hormones?
What are lipid-soluble hormones?
What are lipid-soluble hormones?
What is considered to be the master gland?
What is considered to be the master gland?
What are goiters?
What are goiters?
What is cretinism?
What is cretinism?
What is a target cell?
What is a target cell?
How do local hormone secretions function differently than traditionally defined hormones?
How do local hormone secretions function differently than traditionally defined hormones?
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
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Study Notes
Overview of Endocrine System
- The nervous and endocrine systems work together to coordinate body activities, essential for maintaining homeostasis.
- Endocrine system functions include reproduction, growth, development, body defenses, metabolic processes, and blood chemistry.
Hormones
- Hormones are specialized chemical messengers produced by specialized cells.
- Secreted hormones enter extracellular fluids and are transported by blood to target sites, regulating the activity of other cells.
Hormone Classification
- Hormones are classified into three chemical categories: amino acids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
- Amino acid-based hormones are water-soluble, while steroids and prostaglandins are lipid-soluble.
- Steroids are derived from cholesterol, and prostaglandins are derived from active lipids.
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Lipid-soluble hormones utilize direct gene activation, entering cells and binding to proteins in the nucleus to activate specific genes.
- Water-soluble hormones engage in a second messenger system, binding to cell membrane receptors without entering the cell and instigating a series of intracellular reactions.
Feedback Systems
- Hormone levels in the bloodstream are primarily regulated through negative feedback, which triggers hormone release in response to low levels and halts it when an appropriate level is achieved.
Hormonal Stimuli
- Endocrine glands are activated by:
- Other hormones (e.g., anterior pituitary hormones prompting thyroid hormone release).
- Humoral stimuli (e.g., parathyroid hormone and calcitonin responding to blood calcium levels, insulin reacting to blood glucose levels).
- Neural stimuli (e.g., norepinephrine and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla).
Growth Hormone Disorders
- Pituitary Dwarfism: Caused by insufficient growth hormone during childhood.
- Gigantism: Result of excessive growth hormone during childhood.
- Acromegaly: Arises from excess growth hormone during adulthood.
Key Definitions
- Prefix "hypo" denotes low levels, while "hyper" signifies high levels.
- Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production post-childbirth.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Regulates adrenal cortex activity.
- Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Affects thyroid growth and function.
- Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Facilitates follicle and sperm development.
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation and testosterone production.
Endocrine System Components
- The endocrine system is defined by three essential components: glands, hormones, and receptors.
- Water-soluble hormones bind to surface receptors, failing to enter cells; lipid-soluble hormones penetrate the lipid bilayer to enter cells.
Pituitary Gland and Disorders
- The pituitary gland, often termed the master gland, orchestrates the secretion of many hormones influencing other endocrine glands.
- Goiters and cretinism affect thyroid health, presenting distinct physical symptoms.
Target Cells and Local Hormones
- Target cells possess specific receptors for particular hormones.
- Local hormones affect nearby cells without entering the bloodstream, differing from traditional hormonal behavior.
Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
- Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances outside the body, such as through ducts.
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