Overview of Electrical Engineering

Definition: Branch of engineering focused on the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism.
Subfields:
- Power Systems
- Electronics
- Control Systems
- Telecommunications
- Signal Processing
- Microelectronics

Resistors: Control current flow; used in circuits to limit current.
Capacitors: Store and release electrical energy; used for filtering and timing applications.
Inductors: Store energy in a magnetic field; used in filtering and tuning applications.
Diodes: Allow current to flow in one direction; used in rectification.
Transistors: Semiconductor devices used for amplification and switching.

Types of Circuits:
- Series Circuits: Components connected in a single path.
- Parallel Circuits: Components connected across common points.
Circuit Theorems:
- Kirchhoff’s Laws:
  - KCL (Current Law): Sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum exiting.
  - KVL (Voltage Law): Sum of voltages around a closed loop equals zero.
- Thevenin’s Theorem: Any linear circuit can be simplified to a single voltage source and resistance.
- Norton’s Theorem: Any linear circuit can be simplified to a single current source and parallel resistance.

AC vs. DC:
- AC (Alternating Current): Voltage and current change direction periodically.
- DC (Direct Current): Voltage and current flow in one direction.
Transformers: Devices that transfer electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, used to step up or step down voltage.
Generation, Transmission, Distribution: Processes of producing electricity, transmitting it over long distances, and distributing it to consumers.

Open-loop Control: System operates without feedback.
Closed-loop Control: System uses feedback to adjust its operation.
PID Controllers: Proportional, Integral, and Derivative controllers used for precise control.

Analog Electronics: Deals with continuous signals.
Digital Electronics: Deals with discrete signals; uses logic gates, flip-flops, and microcontrollers.

Signal Transmission: Methods for sending information over distances (e.g., wired, wireless).
Modulation Techniques: Techniques like AM, FM, and PM used to encode information onto carrier waves.

Electrical Safety: Importance of grounding, circuit breakers, and fuses to prevent electrical hazards.
Industry Standards: Compliance with standards such as IEEE, IEC for safety and performance.

Renewable Energy: Integration of solar, wind, and other renewable sources into power systems.
Smart Grids: Advanced electrical grids that use digital technology to manage electricity flow.
Internet of Things (IoT): Development of connected devices for smart home and industrial applications.

Branch dedicated to electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism applications.
Subfields include Power Systems, Electronics, Control Systems, Telecommunications, Signal Processing, and Microelectronics.

Voltage (V): The electrical potential difference, measured in volts.
Current (I): The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
Resistance (R): The opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).
Ohm’s Law: Fundamental equation relating voltage, current, and resistance (V = I × R).

Resistors: Limit current flow in circuits.
Capacitors: Store and release energy, used in filtering and timing.
Inductors: Store energy in magnetic fields for filtering and tuning.
Diodes: Allow current to flow in one direction, primarily for rectification.
Transistors: Semiconductor devices utilized for amplification and switching tasks.

Series Circuits: Components connected in a single path, sharing the same current.
Parallel Circuits: Components connected across common points, sharing voltage.
Kirchhoff’s Laws:
- KCL (Current Law): Total current entering a junction equals total current leaving.
- KVL (Voltage Law): Total voltage around a closed circuit loop equals zero.
Thevenin’s Theorem: Simplifies any linear circuit into a single voltage source and resistance.
Norton’s Theorem: Simplifies any linear circuit into a single current source and parallel resistance.

AC (Alternating Current): Voltage and current directions change periodically.
DC (Direct Current): Voltage and current flow consistently in one direction.
Transformers: Devices used to transfer electrical energy and adjust voltage levels via electromagnetic induction.
Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution: Processes that encompass power generation, long-distance transmission, and end-user distribution.

Open-loop Control: Operates without feedback mechanisms.
Closed-loop Control: Adjusts operations based on feedback received.
PID Controllers: Used for precise control through Proportional, Integral, and Derivative adjustments.

Analog Electronics: Focus on continuous signal processing.
Digital Electronics: Focus on discrete signals, utilizing components like logic gates and microcontrollers.

Signal Transmission: Techniques for relaying information over distances; includes wired and wireless methods.
Modulation Techniques: AM (Amplitude Modulation), FM (Frequency Modulation), and PM (Phase Modulation) methods encode information onto carrier waves.

Electrical Safety: Highlights the necessity of grounding, circuit breakers, and fuses to mitigate electrical risks.
Industry Standards: Adherence to safety and performance regulations such as IEEE and IEC is critical for compliance.

Renewable Energy: Incorporation of sources like solar and wind into existing power systems.
Smart Grids: Utilization of digital technologies to enhance electricity flow management.
Internet of Things (IoT): Development of interconnected devices for both domestic and industrial smart applications.