Overview of Cell Biology Quiz

Definition: Study of cell structure, function, and behavior.
Importance: Fundamental to understanding life processes and biological systems.

Prokaryotic Cells:
- No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Examples: Bacteria and Archaea.
- Genetic material in a single circular chromosome.
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Examples: Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists.
- Genetic material in linear chromosomes.

Cell Membrane:
- Semi-permeable barrier made of phospholipids.
- Controls movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm:
- Gel-like substance within the cell membrane.
- Contains organelles and is the site for metabolic processes.
Nucleus:
- Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Responsible for regulating gene expression and cell division.
Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of ATP production.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
  - Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies toxins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery.
- Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste processing.
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Site of photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall (in plant cells): Provides structural support and protection.

Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Division of somatic cells, producing two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Division for gamete production, resulting in four genetically diverse cells.
Cellular Respiration:
- Process of converting glucose into ATP.
- Aerobic respiration involves oxygen; anaerobic does not.
Photosynthesis (in plants):
- Process of converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Occurs in chloroplasts, using sunlight, water, and CO2.

Passive Transport:
- Movement of substances without energy input.
- Examples: Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport:
- Movement of substances against their concentration gradient.
- Requires energy (ATP).
- Example: Sodium-potassium pump.

Signaling Molecules: Hormones, neurotransmitters, and other chemicals that facilitate communication between cells.
Receptors: Proteins on cell membranes that bind to signaling molecules, triggering a response.

Cells can differentiate to perform specific functions (e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelial cells).
Stem cells have the potential to develop into various cell types.

Microscopy: Techniques like light microscopy and electron microscopy for imaging cells.
Cell Culture: Growing cells in controlled environments for observation and experimentation.

Study of cell structure, function, and behavior; essential for understanding life processes and biological systems.

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes bacteria and archaea; genetic material is a single circular chromosome.
Eukaryotic Cells: Possess defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists; genetic material is organized into linear chromosomes.

Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable phospholipid barrier; regulates substance movement in and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell; contains organelles and is the site of metabolic activities.
Nucleus: Houses genetic material (DNA); controls gene expression and cell division.
Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Known as the cell's powerhouse; location of ATP production.
- Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Contains ribosomes for protein synthesis.
  - Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and toxin detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for waste processing.
- Chloroplasts (in plant cells): Sites for photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall (in plant cells): Provides structural support and protection.

Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells from somatic cells.
- Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse gametes.
Cellular Respiration: Converts glucose into ATP; characterized by aerobic processes (using oxygen) and anaerobic processes (without oxygen).
Photosynthesis (in plants): Converts light energy to chemical energy (glucose) using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Passive Transport: Movement of substances without energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient; requires ATP; exemplified by the sodium-potassium pump.

Signaling Molecules: Include hormones and neurotransmitters that enable cell communication.
Receptors: Membrane proteins that bind signaling molecules, initiating a cellular response.

Regulated by checkpoints that ensure accurate division and cellular function; key proteins involved are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Cells can differentiate to perform specific roles (e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelial); stem cells can develop into various cell types.

Microscopy: Employs light microscopy and electron microscopy for cell imaging.
Cell Culture: Involves growing cells in controlled settings for research and experimentation.