Overview of Botany and Plant Structure

Botany is the scientific study of plants, including their physiology, structure, growth, evolution, and taxonomy.

Plant Anatomy: Study of internal structures (e.g., tissues, organs).
Plant Physiology: Study of plant functions (e.g., photosynthesis, respiration).
Plant Ecology: Study of plants in their environment and interactions with other organisms.
Plant Taxonomy: Classification and naming of plants.
Ethnobotany: Study of the relationship between plants and people, including traditional uses.

Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Key components:
- Light Reactions: Convert sunlight to energy (ATP and NADPH).
- Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from CO2.

Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses) reliant on water for reproduction.
Pteridophytes: Vascular plants that reproduce via spores (e.g., ferns).
Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants (e.g., conifers) not enclosed in an ovary.
Angiosperms: Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits; most diverse group.

Meristems: Regions of undifferentiated cells responsible for growth.
Hormones: Regulate plant processes (e.g., auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins).
Phototropism: Growth response to light.

Asexual reproduction: Cloning via vegetative methods (e.g., runners, tubers).
Sexual reproduction: Involves gametes; typically occurs through flowers and fruits in angiosperms.

Oxygen Production: Through photosynthesis, plants contribute to atmospheric oxygen.
Food Source: Primary producers in ecosystems; form the base of food chains.
Medicinal Uses: Many pharmaceuticals derived from plant compounds.
Biodiversity: Contribute to ecosystem diversity and stability.

Conservation Biology: Focuses on preserving plant species and habitats.
Plant Biotechnology: Genetic modification for improved yields and disease resistance.

Botany is the study of plants encompassing their internal structures, functions, growth, evolution, and classification.

Plant Anatomy examines the internal structures of plants, such as tissues and organs.
Plant Physiology investigates how plants function, including processes like photosynthesis and respiration.
Plant Ecology explores the interactions between plants and their environment, including relationships with other organisms.
Plant Taxonomy focuses on classifying and naming plants based on their characteristics.
Ethnobotany studies the relationship between plants and humans, particularly traditional uses of plants.

Cell Wall: Provides structural support and is composed of cellulose.
Chloroplasts: The sites of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
Vacuole: A large central vacuole responsible for storage and maintaining turgor pressure.
Cell Membrane: Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
Key components include:
- Light Reactions: Transform sunlight into energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
- Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide.

Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants (e.g., mosses) that rely on water for reproduction.
Pteridophytes: Vascular plants that reproduce via spores (e.g., ferns).
Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants without seeds enclosed in an ovary (e.g., conifers).
Angiosperms: Flowering plants with seeds enclosed in fruits, representing the most diverse group.

Meristems: Regions of undifferentiated cells responsible for plant growth.
Hormones: Regulate plant processes, such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
Phototropism: Growth response to light.

Asexual Reproduction: Cloning via vegetative methods (e.g., runners, tubers).
Sexual Reproduction: Involves gametes; typically occurs through flowers and fruits in angiosperms.

Oxygen Production: Plants contribute significantly to atmospheric oxygen through photosynthesis.
Food Source: Plants are primary producers in ecosystems, forming the base of food chains.
Medicinal Uses: Many pharmaceutical drugs are derived from plant compounds.
Biodiversity: Plants contribute to ecosystem diversity and stability.

Plants play a vital role in carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Plant root systems contribute to soil formation and erosion prevention.

Conservation Biology: Focuses on preserving plant species and habitats.
Plant Biotechnology: Genetic modification for improving plant yields and disease resistance.