Questions and Answers
Plant molecular biology studies the structures and functions of important biological ______.
molecules
Plant biochemistry examines the chemical interactions within ______.
plants
Plant anatomy involves the study of microscopic plant structures such as cells and ______.
tissues
Plant morphology refers to the structures of plant parts including their evolution and ______.
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Plant physiology studies processes such as photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand how plants ______.
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Plant genetics focuses on plant ______ and variation.
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Plant ecology studies the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their ______.
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An ______ is defined as an individual living thing.
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Plant systematics encompasses the evolutionary relationships among different plant ______.
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An organelle is a membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a ______.
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Plant taxonomy deals with the description, naming, and classification of ______.
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Ethnobotany is the study of botanical knowledge of a social group and its use of locally available ______.
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Paleobotany is the study of the biology and evolution of plants in the ______ past.
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A stimulus is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral ______.
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Growth and development in organisms follow specific instructions coded for by their ______.
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The six kingdoms of life include Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, and ______.
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The structure of the plant body is simple and typically lacking vascular tissue like ______ and phloem.
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Bryophytes need ______ in order to reproduce.
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Embryophytes are multicellular, autotrophic, typically terrestrial organisms that retain and nourish their ______.
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Club mosses belong to the phylum ______.
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Horsetails are part of the class ______.
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Gymnosperms are plants that have '______' seeds that are not enclosed in ovaries.
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The single extant genus Equisetum is the survivor of a large group of ______.
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Sori are clusters of ______ found only in ferns.
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The seeds of many gymnosperms are borne in ______.
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Class Polypodiopsida includes nonflowering vascular plants known as ______.
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Cycads resemble very tough versions of ______ fronds.
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The largest and most successful group of living gymnosperms are known as ______.
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The ______ tree, or Ginkgo biloba, is the only living species in its division.
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Division Gnetophyta includes groups such as Gnetum, Ephedra, and ______ mirabilis.
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Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are classified in the division ______.
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The ______ pine, known for its extreme age, can live up to 4900 years.
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Plants are multicellular organisms, easily distinguished from other living things such as ______.
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The two generations in the life cycle of plants alternate in a process called ______ of generations.
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The haploid gametophyte produces haploid ______ that fuse during fertilization.
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The zygote undergoes mitotic division to produce a multicellular diploid ______.
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Meiosis in a mature sporophyte produces haploid ______, which can develop into a new haploid organism.
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Bryophytes are small spore-bearing plants that typically grow in ______ areas.
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The stem of a cactus functions for both ______ and water storage.
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Charophytes, particularly ______, are considered the closest living relatives of land plants.
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Study Notes
Botany Overview
- Also referred to as Plant Biology; studies origin, diversity, structure, internal processes of plants, and their interactions with organisms and the environment.
Disciplines of Botany
- Plant Molecular Biology: Examines biological molecules' structures and functions.
- Plant Biochemistry: Focuses on chemical interactions within plants and the chemicals produced.
- Plant Cell Biology: Studies plant cell structures, functions, and life processes.
- Plant Anatomy: Investigates microscopic structures like cells and tissues.
- Plant Morphology: Involves the structure and evolution of plant parts.
- Plant Physiology: Studies processes like photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand plant functions.
- Plant Genetics: Covers hereditary traits and variations in plants.
- Plant Ecology: Explores interrelationships among plants and their environments.
- Plant Systematics: Focuses on the evolutionary relationships among different plant groups.
- Plant Taxonomy: Describes, names, and classifies plants.
- Ethnobotany: Studies social groups' botanical knowledge and use of local plants.
- Paleobotany: Examines the biology and evolution of ancient plants.
Applied Plant Biology
- Agronomy: Involves field crops and soil management.
- Horticulture: Focuses on ornamental and vegetable crops.
- Forestry: Covers forest conservation and products.
- Economic Botany: Studies plants with commercial importance.
Life and Growth in Organisms
- Organisms exhibit order and organization, stemming from one or more cells.
- Growth and development are directed by genetic coding, ensuring offspring resemble parents.
- Reproduction ensures genetic material is passed to new individuals, with two types: asexual (no gametes) and sexual (utilizes gametes).
Three Domain System & Six Kingdoms
- Life classified into three domains, consisting of six kingdoms:
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Protista
- Eubacteria
- Archaebacteria
Plant Lifecycle
- Features both sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) generations, alternation of generations being fundamental.
- Fertilization leads to diploid zygotes which undergo mitosis to create sporophytes, producing spores through meiosis.
Bryophytes
- Small, spore-bearing plants commonly found in moist areas.
- Structure is simplistic, generally lacking vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
- Depend on water for reproduction.
Evolution of Land Plants
- Land plants (Embryophytes) retain and nourish embryos, adapted for terrestrial life.
- Include various phyla: Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, and others.
Seedless Vascular Plants
- Contain vascular tissue but do not produce flowers or seeds.
- Notable groups include club mosses, horsetails, whisk ferns, and ferns.
Gymnosperms
- Have "naked seeds" not enclosed in ovaries; commonly bear seeds in cones.
- Largest gymnosperm group includes conifers, distinguished by size contributing to their success.
Notable Gymnosperms
- Coast Redwoods: Over 100 meters tall.
- Giant Redwoods: Exceed 26 meters in circumference.
- Bristlecone Pines: Can live up to 4900 years.
Other Plant Groups
- Cycads: Thick-leaved plants often confused with ferns.
- Ginkgo biloba: A single living species known for its fan-shaped leaves.
- Gnetophyta: Includes Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia mirabilis; adapted to arid conditions.
Angiosperms
- The most diverse and recently evolved plant group, categorized in Magnoliophyta or Anthophyta.
- Key evolutionary adaptations include flowers and fruits for reproduction and dispersal.
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Description
Test your knowledge of botany and its various disciplines, including plant molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, and ecology. This quiz will cover fundamental concepts related to the origin, diversity, and interactions of plants in their environment.
