Overview of Architectural Styles

Study Notes

Architecture is the art of designing buildings. It involves creating plans, concepts, and structures that work together to create spaces where people live, work, learn, play, worship, heal, and die. One important aspect of architecture is its diversity, with numerous distinct architectural styles reflecting different eras and cultures throughout history. Here's a brief overview of some well-known architectural styles:

Gothic Style

Gothic architecture emerged in France around 1140 during the reign of King Louis VII. Characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, slender columns, flying buttresses, large windows, and elaborate decorations, it was used extensively until approximately the midpoint of the 15th century when it began to give way to Renaissance styles. Examples include Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and Lincoln Cathedral in England.

Classical Orders

The Greek orders are Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, while the Roman order is Tuscan. These represent the foundations of Western civilization based on the ancient Greeks and Romans who developed these principles into specific rules of proportion and structure. The main classes of building involved were temples, public buildings, palaces, courtyards, baths, arenas, etc., which were all suitable to the classical state and culture.

Medieval Style

This was characterized by heavy stone walls, narrow windows, high ceilings, wide doorways, and thick roofs; moreover, there might be little ornamentation beyond masonry patterns such as herringbone and basket weave. For instance, castles from medieval times have steep roofs to protect against attackers using ladders to climb on the roofs and reach the top floor through the window. Another example includes fortifications built to defend cities and towns.

Byzantine Style

Byzantine architecture originated in the eastern half of the Roman Empire after AD 395. This style featured domed structures with complex interior designs emphasizing religious themes, including crosses, angels, and other church symbols. The most famous example of Byzantine architecture is St. Sophia in Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.

Baroque Style

Baroque architecture emerged in Italy in the late 16th century and quickly spread across Europe. It features boldly curving facades, sculptured interiors, painted ceilings, and stuccoes. Some iconic examples are Villa Lante Gardens near Rome and La Granja Palace in Spain.

Georgian Style

Georgian architecture originated in England between 1714–1830, named after the kings George I and II and later Georges III and IV. Its distinguishing characteristics include symmetry, simplicity, whitewashed brickwork, sash windows, and shallow pitched roofs. Stately homes like Kew Palace, Blenheim Palace, and Culham Court illustrate this style.

In conclusion, architectural design encompasses a vast array of styles influenced by historical periods, geography, climate, materials available, and social needs. Each style represents unique aesthetic preferences, symbolism, and cultural contexts rooted deeply within society. As you walk down any street today, each building bears testament to one of these diverse architectural forms.

Description

Explore the characteristics and examples of well-known architectural styles such as Gothic, Classical Orders, Medieval, Byzantine, Baroque, and Georgian. Learn about the historical background, features, and famous structures representing each style.