Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Cellular Level: Cells as the basic units of life (e.g., muscle cells, neurons).
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function (e.g., epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue).
Organ Level: Organs composed of multiple tissues (e.g., heart, lungs).
System Level: Organ systems working together (e.g., circulatory, respiratory).
Organism Level: The human body as a whole.

Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails; protects the body.
Skeletal System: Bones and joints; supports and protects organs.
Muscular System: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles; facilitates movement.
Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves; controls and coordinates body activities.
Endocrine System: Glands producing hormones; regulates physiological processes.
Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels; transports nutrients and oxygen.
Respiratory System: Lungs and airways; facilitates gas exchange.
Digestive System: Organs involved in food processing; breaks down food for nutrients.
Urinary System: Kidneys and urinary bladder; filters blood and removes waste.
Reproductive System: Organs involved in producing offspring; varies between sexes.

Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Mechanisms: Feedback systems (negative and positive feedback loops).

Plasma Membrane: Barrier controlling entry and exit of substances.
Nucleus: Control center housing DNA.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance within the cell containing organelles.
Organelles: Specialized structures performing specific functions (e.g., mitochondria for energy production, ribosomes for protein synthesis).

Epithelial Tissue: Forms protective layers and barriers; involved in absorption and secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues; includes bone, blood, adipose.
Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses for communication; consists of neurons and glial cells.

Support and Movement: Skeleton and muscles provide structure and enable mobility.
Communication: Nervous and endocrine systems coordinate activities and respond to stimuli.
Transportation: Cardiovascular system circulates blood, nutrients, and gases.
Metabolism: Digestive and urinary systems manage energy and waste.
Reproduction: Reproductive systems ensure species continuation.

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right.
- Coronal Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.
- Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

This summary provides a foundational understanding of anatomy and physiology, focusing on structure, function, organization, and terminology.

Chemical Level: Composed of atoms and molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Cellular Level: The basic units of life, such as muscle cells and neurons.
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function, including epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
Organ Level: Composed of multiple tissues working together, such as the heart and lungs.
System Level: Multiple organ systems working together, such as the circulatory and respiratory systems.
Organism Level: The human body as a whole.

Integumentary System: Includes skin, hair, and nails, protecting the body.
Skeletal System: Composed of bones and joints, supporting and protecting organs.
Muscular System: Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, facilitating movement.
Nervous System: Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, controlling and coordinating body activities.
Endocrine System: Glands that produce hormones, regulating physiological processes.
Cardiovascular System: Includes the heart and blood vessels, transporting nutrients and oxygen.
Respiratory System: Composed of lungs and airways, facilitating gas exchange.
Digestive System: Organs involved in food processing, breaking down food for nutrients.
Urinary System: Includes kidneys and the urinary bladder, filtering blood and removing waste.
Reproductive System: Organs involved in producing offspring, differing between sexes.

Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Mechanisms: Feedback systems, including negative and positive feedback loops.

Plasma Membrane: A barrier controlling the entry and exit of substances.
Nucleus: The control center, housing DNA.
Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance within the cell containing organelles.
Organelles: Specialized structures performing specific functions, such as mitochondria for energy production and ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Epithelial Tissue: Forms protective layers and barriers, involved in absorption and secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports, binds, and protects other tissues, including bone, blood, and adipose (fat) tissue.
Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses for communication, consisting of neurons and glial cells.

Support and Movement: Skeleton and muscles provide structure and enable mobility.
Communication: Nervous and endocrine systems coordinate activities and respond to stimuli.
Transportation: Cardiovascular system circulates blood, nutrients, and gases.
Metabolism: Digestive and urinary systems manage energy and waste.
Reproduction: Reproductive systems ensure species continuation.

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right.
- Coronal Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior.
- Transverse Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior.