Overpopulation and Its Consequences

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Questions and Answers

Describe the problems that overpopulation can cause to the natural environment.

Overpopulation can lead to deforestation, wildlife displacement, reduced biodiversity, disrupted ecosystems and food chains, extinction of species, air pollution due to greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming, water pollution, depletion of aquifers, and soil erosion.

What are the potential consequences of fewer people paying taxes?

With fewer people paying taxes, there may not be enough money to fund government services, care for the elderly, provide healthcare and education, or maintain pension systems. This could lead to a need to raise taxes or reduce the quality of services provided.

Which of the following are factors contributing to the reduction of birth rates in LEDCs?

  • Less religious influence (correct)
  • Availability of benefits for having fewer children (correct)
  • Availability of contraception and family planning (correct)
  • Improved healthcare (correct)
  • Legalization of abortion (correct)
  • Anti-natal government policies (correct)
  • Later marriage (correct)
  • Education about contraception and family planning (correct)
  • Educated women (correct)
  • Reduction in infant mortality (correct)
  • More women working (correct)
  • Smaller families becoming more acceptable (correct)

What are the main reasons for international migration from Mexico to the USA?

<p>The main reasons for international migration from Mexico to the USA are higher average incomes, lower unemployment rates, a growing labor force, and a higher quality of life in the USA compared to Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which states in the USA have the largest Mexican migrant populations, and why?

<p>California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

More than 10% of Mexican citizens live in the USA illegally.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are arguments against large-scale immigration from Mexico to the USA?

<p>Undermines employment opportunities for low-skilled US workers (A), Negative environmental effects due to increased population (B), Threatens established US cultural values (C), Increased cost to taxpayers for education and healthcare of illegal immigrants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the economic consequences of the 2008 economic crisis on migration from Mexico to the USA?

<p>The 2008 economic crisis led to increased unemployment in the USA, making it less attractive for Mexican migrants seeking employment. It also reduced the pressure on housing and employment opportunities in Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a coral reef considered a living ecosystem?

<p>Coral reefs are considered living ecosystems because they are composed of living organisms, including coral polyps, algae, and a wide variety of fish and other marine life that interact and depend on each other for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential conditions needed for the development of a coral reef?

<p>Plentiful supply of oxygen (A), Alkaline pH (B), Relatively calm water (C), Shallow water near the surface (D), Water free of sediment and pollution (E), Sunlight (F), Plentiful supply of algae (G), Water temperature between 18 and 27 degrees Celsius (H), Solid base and foundation (I), Salty water (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can coral reefs and mangroves benefit people living on the coast?

<p>Water filtration (A), Coastal protection from erosion and storms (B), Economic development (C), Fishing for food supply (D), Wood supplies (E), Tourism attraction (F), Carbon removal from the atmosphere (G), Medicines from plants (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is channel flow?

<p>Channel flow refers to the movement of water within a river channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is percolation?

<p>Percolation is the process of water moving from the soil into the underlying rocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can cause transpiration to vary from time to time?

<p>Atmospheric pressure (A), Temperature (B), Precipitation (C), Sunshine and light (D), Humidity (E), Plant cover (F), Wind speed (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affect overland flow?

<p>Plant cover (A), Relief (B), Rock permeability (C), Rainfall (D), Slope angle (E), Soil saturation (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rivers erode their banks and bed?

<p>Water power (A), Corrosion (B), Abrasion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problems do tropical storms cause for farmers?

<p>Loss of income (A), Damage to crops (B), Loss of livestock (C), Loss of fertilizers, topsoil, and nutrients (D), Damage to roads and infrastructure (E), Flooding of farmland (F), Waterlogging of soils (G), Reduction of crop yields (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are methods for increasing agricultural output?

<p>Selective breeding of animals (A), Using fertilizers or manure (B), Terracing (C), Intercropping (D), Aquaculture (E), Pesticides (F), Glasshouses (G), Crop rotation (H), Irrigation (I), Mechanization (J), Hydroponics (K)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Over-population problems

Deforestation, wildlife displacement, less biodiversity, disrupted ecosystems, potential extinctions, air and water pollution, soil erosion.

Effects of fewer taxpayers

Insufficient funding for government services, health care, and pensions; potential tax increases.

Reducing birth rates in LEDCs

Access to contraception, education, cultural shifts, legal abortion, women's workforce participation, improved health care, anti-natalist policies.

International migration from Mexico to USA

Migration driven by income differences, job availability, quality of life; challenges include illegal immigration and cultural impacts.

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Characteristics of coral reefs

Living ecosystem with diverse species, calcium carbonate structure, colorful appearance, fragile, supporting underwater plants.

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Conditions for coral reef development

Needs sunlight, specific temperatures, shallow unpolluted water, oxygen, algae, calm waters, alkaline pH, and solid foundations.

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Benefits of coastal reefs and mangroves

Protect coasts from erosion, provide food and medicines, filter water, supply wood, attract tourists, aid in carbon reduction.

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Channel flow

Movement of water in a river.

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Percolation

Movement of water from the soil into the rocks.

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Transpiration variability

Changes due to temperature, sunlight, precipitation, types of plants, and seasonal leaf shedding.

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Overland flow variability

Differences caused by plant cover, terrain relief, rainfall amounts, soil saturation, and rock permeability.

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River erosion methods

Water power removes banks, abrasion from materials, air expansion in cracks, and chemical corrosion.

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Tropical storm impacts on farming

Income loss, flooding, crop damage, livestock losses, and washed away nutrients.

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Increasing agricultural output

Techniques like fertilizers, crop rotation, irrigation, mechanization, aquaculture, and vertical farming.

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Study Notes

Overpopulation's Impact on the Environment

  • Deforestation is a consequence of overpopulation.
  • Wildlife displacement and reduced biodiversity are also consequences.
  • Ecosystem and food chain disruptions occur.
  • Species extinction is a possible outcome.
  • Air pollution from greenhouse gas emissions contributes to global warming.
  • Water pollution and depletion of aquifers are problems.
  • Soil erosion is exacerbated.

Reduced Tax Revenue Issues

  • Insufficient funding for government services (e.g., healthcare, education, pensions).
  • Potential need for increased taxes.

Reducing Birth Rates in LEDCs

  • Increased access to contraception and family planning education.
  • Shifting societal values, with smaller families becoming more acceptable.
  • Legalization and availability of abortions.
  • Increased female education and employment.
  • Improved healthcare, leading to lower infant mortality.
  • Decreased need for children as support for the elderly.
  • Compulsory education lessening the need for child labor.
  • Later marriages.
  • Anti-natal government policies.

International Migration from Mexico to USA

  • Driven by higher incomes, lower unemployment, and better quality of life in the USA.
  • Large-scale migration primarily over the last 40 years, concentrated in border states.
  • Significant undocumented Mexican population exists in the US.
  • Attributable to proximity, demand for immigrant farm workers, and existing Mexican communities.
  • Economic crises reduce migration.
  • US has concerns about economic competition, environmental impact, and cultural values.
  • Mexico experiences a loss of skilled workers, but reduced unemployment pressure and a lighter strain on housing.

Coral Reef Characteristics

  • Living ecosystems.
  • Diverse fish species.
  • Calcium carbonate composition.
  • Fragile structure with numerous holes.
  • Polyp and zooplankton inhabitants.
  • Underwater plant life presence.

Coral Reef Development Conditions

  • Sunlight required.
  • Optimal water temperature (18-27°C).
  • Shallow waters (60-70m).
  • Clear, unpolluted water with high oxygen levels.
  • Abundant algae.
  • Relatively calm water, no strong waves.
  • Alkaline pH (cannot thrive in acidic water).
  • Salinity of 42 parts per 1000.
  • Solid substrate.

Coastal Benefits of Coral Reefs and Mangroves

  • Coastal protection from erosion, storms, and flooding.
  • Fishing opportunities.
  • Medicinal resources.
  • Water filtration.
  • Timber for construction.
  • Tourism potential.
  • Economic advancements.
  • Carbon sequestration and reduced global warming.

Channel Flow

  • Movement of water in a river.

Percolation

  • Water movement from soil into rocks.

Transpiration Variations

  • Dependent on temperature, sunlight, precipitation, plant type, and seasonal leaf shedding.
  • Humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure also affect it.

Overland Flow Variations

  • Varies based on plant cover, relief, slope angle, rock type, rainfall amounts, soil saturation, and permeability.

River Bank and Bed Erosion

  • Physical removal of material from banks by water's force (abrasion).
  • Abrasive action of load on the river bed.
  • Chemical changes (corrosion) and dissolution of carbonates, like limestone, by acidic water.

Tropical Storm Impacts on Farmers

  • Crop and livestock losses.
  • Farmland flooding and waterlogging.
  • Soil damage and nutrient loss.
  • Reduced crop yields.
  • Damage to infrastructure (e.g., roads, greenhouses).

Increasing Agricultural Output

  • Fertilizers and manure.
  • Crop rotation.
  • Irrigation.
  • Terracing.
  • Pesticides, herbicides, and insecticides.
  • Mechanization.
  • Glasshouse farming.
  • Intercropping.
  • Selective animal breeding.
  • Animal housing.
  • Aquaculture.
  • Hydroponics and vertical farming.

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