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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of the Health and Safety at Work Act?

To secure the health, safety, and welfare of persons at work (correct)

To increase production output

To minimize employee feedback

To reduce workplace policies

Employees must not endanger themselves, or others, by their acts or omissions according to the Health and Safety at Work Act.

True

What is the role of a 'Competent Person' in thoroughly examining lifting equipment?

A person having practical and theoretical knowledge and experience to detect defects or weaknesses in the equipment.

The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to ensure the __________, safety, and welfare of all employees.

health Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary elements of competency according to LEEA?

Information, Instruction, Training, Supervision Signup and view all the answers

What is a hazard?

Something (object or situation) that has the potential to cause harm Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'Risk Assessment'.

A careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people, to weigh up whether enough precautions have been taken Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 main reasons to assess and manage risk?

Human Harm (Injury and illness), Legal Effects (Duty of care and consequences of unsuitable risk management), Economic Effects (Substantial financial costs related to accidents at work) Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in Risk Assessment? Choose the correct sequence:

Record findings Signup and view all the answers

PUWER applies only to specific sectors of industry.

False Signup and view all the answers

Under Regulation 10 of LOLER, what should a person making a thorough examination do in case of a defect in the lifting equipment involving an existing or imminent risk of serious personal injury?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

An employer who has been notified of an imminent risk shall ensure that the lifting equipment is not used before the defect is ________.

rectified Signup and view all the answers

According to LOLER, a report of thorough examination should not include details of any tests carried out.

False Signup and view all the answers

What additional information should an employer keep available for inspection in relation to lifting equipment?

EC Declaration of Conformity Signup and view all the answers

What do the Working at Height Regulations emphasize regarding working at height?

Avoid working at height if possible Signup and view all the answers

What does PUWER stand for?

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations Signup and view all the answers

What does LOLER Regulation 7 require all lifting equipment to be marked with?

SWL (Safe Working Load) Signup and view all the answers

According to LOLER Regulation 9, lifting equipment less than 12 months old requires thorough examination before being put into service for the first time.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the maximum fixed periods for thorough examinations and inspection of lifting equipment according to LOLER Regulation 9: - Lifting __________: 12 months

Accessories Signup and view all the answers

Match the following information required for a written scheme of examination:

Name and address of the owner of the lifting equipment = A The name, qualifications, and address of the person drawing up the scheme = B Identification of the safety critical parts requiring thorough examination = C The frequency of thorough examination of safety critical parts = D Signup and view all the answers

When should load chains be rejected according to the content?

if cracks, nicks or gouges, visible distortion, severe corrosion, deposits that cannot be removed, increase in length exceeds OEM recommendations or 2% over 5 links Signup and view all the answers

What is the rejection value for chain elongation due to wear, in the absence of OEM instructions?

2% increase in length over 5 links Signup and view all the answers

Rapid wear of chains can lead to sudden failure and is characterized by a rough appearance of the mating surfaces. Such chains should be replaced even if they are within the OEM wear limits due to safety reasons. This type of wear is called ________.

wear Signup and view all the answers

Match the strand construction with its description:

Seale Construction = Parallel lay with the same number of wires in both layers Filler Construction = Parallel lay with outer layer containing twice the number of wires than inner layers and filler wires in the valleys Warrington Construction = Parallel lay with outer layer containing alternately large and small wires Signup and view all the answers

What are the five categories into which the standards related to overhead travelling cranes are divided?

Design, Classification, Gantries, Thorough Examination, Other Relevant Standards Signup and view all the answers

What type of rope may be used to overcome the issue of ropes untwisting under load?

Multi-strand rope Signup and view all the answers

Which type of rope construction has an outer layer of 11 strands laid over an inner layer of 6 strands?

17 x 7 (1-6) Signup and view all the answers

Which standard is an example of an International Standard that sets out the minimum criteria for the inspection of overhead cranes?

ISO 9927-1 Signup and view all the answers

What do the grades T, DAT, and DT refer to in the context of short-link hoist chains?

Types of chains (Types T, DAT, and DT) Signup and view all the answers

Compacted ropes have increased steel area, which leads to an increase in strength, crush resistance, diameter stability, and reduced ____________.

stretch Signup and view all the answers

BS EN 818-7 covers: Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 7: Fine tolerance __________ chain

hoist Signup and view all the answers

Broken wires at the termination point of a wire rope indicate low stress and do not require immediate action.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following deterioration factors with their effects on rope diameter: (1) Internal wear and wire indentation, (2) Fracture of a steel core, (3) Fracture of internal layers in a rotation-resistant rope

(a) Internal wear and wire indentation = Decrease by 3% of the nominal rope diameter for rotation-resistant ropes (b) Fracture of a steel core = Discard if the diameter decreases by 10% for other ropes (c) Fracture of internal layers in a rotation-resistant rope = Discard if the diameter decreases by 3% of the nominal rope diameter for rotation-resistant ropes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for abrasion of the crown wires of outer strands in a rope from rubbing contact with sheaves and drums?

External Wear Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of corrosion on a rope?

Decreased breaking strength Signup and view all the answers

Severe internal corrosion of a rope is easy to detect visually.

False Signup and view all the answers

If the rope diameter increases by 5% for a rope with a steel core or 10% for a rope with a fibre core during service, the reason for this shall be investigated.

5%, 10% Signup and view all the answers

Match the method of forming an eye with the correct description:

Splicing = Opening strands and weaving to lock Grips = Commonly known as Bulldog Grips Ferrule Secured = Turn-back-loop method with compressed ferrule Asymmetrical Wedge Socket = Live side enters straight edge in line with load pin Signup and view all the answers

What does BS EN 1993 (Part 6) cover in relation to crane supporting structures made from rolled steel sections?

Design rules for the structural design of runway beams Signup and view all the answers

Which standard provides design rules for the structural design of overhead crane runways inside and outside buildings?

BS EN 1993 (Part 6) Signup and view all the answers

Which standard covers general design principles and requirements for cranes?

BS EN 13001 Cranes – General Design Signup and view all the answers

RSJ's 5' x 3' and above have been replaced by universal beams.

True Signup and view all the answers

The older Universal Beams were rolled with a tapered flange of just under $_____$°.

3 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Developing Professionals for the Lifting Equipment Industry

LEEA Academy provides a learning and development agreement for students, which outlines the responsibilities of both students and training facilitators.
The agreement focuses on health and safety matters, respect for others, and commitment to providing and receiving feedback.

Overhead Travelling Cranes Advanced Programme

The programme covers various topics, including legislation, standards, lifting media, crane construction, and testing.
The digital navigation system allows for easy access to specific modules through the contents table.

Legislation

Moral, legal, and financial reasons exist for health and safety legislation.
Employers have a moral responsibility to ensure appropriate working conditions, and are legally responsible for the health and safety of their employees.

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (UK) is a comprehensive framework, applying to all sectors, ensuring the well-being of all workers and guaranteeing no industry or workplace is exempt from protecting its employees.

It sets out a framework of general duties, primarily on employers, but also on employees and controllers of premises, which includes building owners, landlords, and those in charge of the physical workspace. These duties encompass a range of responsibilities, such as providing a safe working environment, monitoring hazards, and implementing safety measures.
The main purposes of the act are to secure the health, safety, and welfare of people at work, which includes mental health and overall wellbeing, and to protect others from hazards arising from work. This involves identifying and mitigating risks, including fire hazards, chemicals, and other potential dangers, to prevent accidents and injuries.

Duties of Employers, Designers, Manufacturers, Importers, Suppliers, and Employees

Employers must ensure the health, safety, and welfare of their employees, and provide a safe working environment.
Designers, manufacturers, importers, and suppliers must ensure that their products are safe and without risk to health.
Employees must not endanger themselves or others, and must co-operate with their employers to ensure a safe working environment.

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 (Revised 1999)

Employers must ensure the effective planning, organisation, control, monitoring, and review of preventive and protective measures.
Employers must provide instruction and training to employees, and employees must undergo training and follow instructions.

Competent Person

A competent person is someone with the necessary knowledge, experience, training, and skill to perform a specific duty.
The LEEA definition of a competent person is someone who can detect defects or weaknesses in lifting equipment, and assess their importance to safety.

Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is a careful examination of what in the work could cause harm to people, so that precautions can be taken to prevent harm.
The three main reasons to assess and manage risk are to prevent human harm, legal effects, and economic effects.

5 Steps to Risk Assessment

Identify the hazards.
Decide who might be harmed and how.
Evaluate the risks and decide on control measures.
Record the findings and implement them.
Review the assessment and update if necessary.

Safe System of Work

A safe system of work is a checklist of identified hazards, decided who may be harmed, evaluated risks, recorded findings, and reviewed and monitored the situation.

European Machinery Directive

The directive is a harmonisation of the essential health and safety requirements for machinery.
It applies to products that are intended to be placed on or put into service in the market for the first time.
The directive is based on risk assessment and uses European standards for critical features.

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008 (SM(S)R)

The regulations implement the Machinery Directive and contain Essential Safety Requirements.
Manufacturers, importers, and suppliers must design, build, and supply equipment that is safe and meets the essential safety requirements.
They must also carry out tests, maintain records, issue a Declaration of Conformity, and affix the CE mark.### Essential Health and Safety Requirements for Lifting Equipment
The Technical File for lifting equipment must contain a description of the methods used to eliminate hazards or reduce risks.
The file should include the standards used in the design, information from the user, design calculations, drawings, procedures, and material traceability.
It should also include test reports and instructions for use.

Machinery Directive and Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations

Lifting equipment must be designed and built to sustain a static overload of:
- 1.5 x WLL (Working Load Limit) for manually operated machines.
- 1.25 x WLL for other machines.
- 1.5 x WLL for lifting accessories.
Dynamic overload of 1.1 x WLL must also be sustained.

PUWER and LOLER Regulations

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER)

Applies to all work equipment.
Places duties on the employer to ensure:
- Work equipment meets Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs).
- Equipment is suitable for the intended purpose.
- Working conditions and risk to health and safety are considered.
- Equipment is maintained, inspected, and records kept.
- Users have sufficient information on equipment use.

Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER)

Applies to lifting equipment in addition to PUWER.
Applies to all sectors of industry.
Status: legal requirement in the UK, good practice internationally.

PUWER Requirements

Employer must address risks or hazards of equipment from all dates of manufacture and supply.
Equipment first provided for use after 31st December 1992 must comply with EHSRs.
Equipment may still present a hazard or risk if:
- Application differs from the original intent.
- Safety depends on installation.
- Technical mismatch between supply and user sides.

LOLER Requirements

Strength and stability of lifting equipment must be ensured.
Lifting equipment for lifting persons requires additional safeguards.
Positioning and installation of lifting equipment must be considered.
Marking of lifting equipment with SWL (Safe Working Load) and other information is required.
Organisation of lifting operations must be planned, supervised, and carried out safely.
Thorough examination and inspection of lifting equipment is required.
Reports and defects must be documented and addressed.

Thorough Examination and Inspection

Before lifting equipment is put into service, it must be thoroughly examined for defects.
Maximum fixed periods for thorough examinations and inspection:
- Lifting accessories: 6 months.
- Lifting equipment: 12 months.
- People-carrying equipment: 6 months.
Or in accordance with a written scheme of examination.
Reports of thorough examination must contain specific information (Schedule 1 of LOLER).

Written Schemes of Examination

Alternative to fixed maximum periods for thorough examinations.
Benefits: cost-effective and enhanced safety.
Information required for a written scheme of examination:
- Owner and equipment details.
- Person responsible for equipment.
- Competent person drawing up the scheme.
- Equipment identity, location, and information used.
- Basis for the scheme.
- Data logging system details.
- Determining when thorough examination shall take place.
- Risk assessment.
- Frequency of thorough examination of safety-critical parts.
- Method of examination.
- Rejection criteria.
- Resources required.
- Changes to equipment condition or operational parameters.

Reports and Defects

The competent person shall notify the employer of any defects and make a report.
The report shall be in writing, authenticated, and contain the specified information.
Where there is a defect involving an existing or imminent risk of serious personal injury, the report shall be sent to the relevant enforcing authority.

Keeping of Information

The employer shall keep:
- EC Declaration of Conformity.
- Information contained in every report.
For lifting equipment: until the employer ceases to use it.
For lifting accessories: for two years after the report is made.

Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992

Refers to lifting operations and adds to the employer's duties in the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Requires an assessment of manual handling operations to reduce injuries.
Introduces lifting appliances where risks are high.

Working at Height

The danger of falls affects not only those working at height but also those underneath.
Working at height is a major cause of fatalities and major injuries.
Employers and those in control of work at height must:
- Assess risks.
- Avoid work at height where possible.
- Prevent falls using existing safe places or equipment.
- Minimise the distance and consequences of a fall.
The Work at Height Regulations 2005 require the most suitable means of reducing and controlling the risk.### Dos and Don'ts of Working at Height
Do:
- Work as much as possible from the ground
- Ensure safe access to and from work at height
- Ensure equipment is suitable, stable, and strong enough for the job
- Take precautions when working on or near fragile surfaces
- Provide protection from falling objects
- Consider emergency evacuation and rescue procedures
Don't:
- Overload ladders
- Overreach on ladders or stepladders
- Rest a ladder against weak upper surfaces
- Use ladders or stepladders for strenuous or heavy tasks
- Let anyone who is not competent work at height

Electricity at Work Regulations

Apply to almost all places of work
Imposed duties to limit risks involved with using electricity at work
Duties apply to:
- Employers and the self-employed
- Employees
- Include co-operating with employers and complying with regulations
- Employees have responsibilities in relation to safety and installation of electrical equipment

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

Aims to prevent electromagnetic disturbance generated by electrical equipment
Ensures equipment has adequate immunity from electromagnetic disturbance
Implemented in the UK by the Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations
Applies to electrical and electronic equipment liable to cause or be affected by electromagnetic disturbance

Revoked, Repealed, and Amended Legislation

Prior to December 5, 1998, the Factories Act 1961 was the main legislation concerned with the use of lifting equipment
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 and the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 repealed, revoked, or amended the requirements for lifting equipment

LEEA COPSULE - Methods of Operation

Operation of powered equipment requires power systems to be installed, maintained, and examined in accordance with relevant regulations
Power operated equipment has advantages over manual operation, including quicker operation and heavier load handling

Standards

Many different standards related to overhead travelling cranes, divided into 5 categories:
- Design
- Classification
- Gantries
- Thorough Examination
- Other Relevant Standards
Competent Person should have access to relevant standards during the thorough examination of overhead travelling cranes

Types of Standards

Manufacturing standards detail dimensions, materials, and safe working loads
Performance standards offer a range of criteria that the final product must meet
International Standards (ISO) are optional but often used as the basis for writing National Standards
Examples of standards include:
- BS EN 13001 - Cranes - General Design
- BS EN 14492 - Cranes - Power Driven Winches and Hoists
- ISO 9927-1 - Cranes - Inspection - General

Lifting Media - Load Chain

Fine Tolerance Chain:
- BS EN 818 - 7
- Grades: T, DAT, and DT
- 4mm to 22mm diameter
- Applicable to electrically welded round steel short link hoist chains
- Possess surface hardness greater than core hardness
Chain finishes:
- Type DAT and type DT hoist chains offer greater resistance to wear
- Type DT hoist chain differs from DAT hoist chain in having higher surface hardness and/or greater case depth
Fine tolerance chain:
- Made to precise dimensions
- Work-hardened during manufacture
- Less ductile than chain used for general sling manufacture
- Better wear characteristics

WLL Comparison of Chain Grades

Fine tolerance chain:
- Type T manually operated hoists or power operated hoists with slow speeds
- Type DAT power driven hoists with high working capacity
- Type DT power driven hoists used in abrasive conditions
Case hardened chains not suitable for portable manually operated hoists

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